Questions On Organizational Culture And Change - 1420 Words

Table of contents: 1.1: Compare different management styles 1.2: Discuss leadership characteristics 1.3 Evaluate communication processes in selected business 1.4: Analyse organisational culture and change in selected business 2.1: Assess own management skills performance 2.2: Analyse personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 2.3: Set and prioritise objectives and targets to develop own potential 4.1 Explain how own managerial and personal skills will support career development 4.2 Review career and personal development needs, current performance and future needs to produce development plan Introduction: According to the travel and tourism management, the developing manager is very Important. A particularly big or†¦show more content†¦1.2: Discuss leadership characteristics. Autocratic: In this method of management, the manager becomes the main decision maker. the director won t think about the subordinates and their involution in choice making. Accordingly, the choices reflect the identity, phrenic originations and presumptions of the administrator. The decision does not reflect the team s collective opinion. In some cases, this style of management can move a business towards its goals rapidly and can fight through a challenging state. If the manager has a great personality, experience and exposure, the decisions made by him or her could be more preponderant than collective decision making. On the other hand, subordinates may become dependent upon the manager s decisions and may require exhaustive supervision. There are two types of autocratic managers: Directive autocrat. This type of managers make their decisions alone and supervise the subordinates proximately. Permissive autocrat. This type of managers make their decisions alone, but sanctions subordinates to liberating execute the decisions. Democratic: In this method of management, the supervisor is interested in other businesses assessments and respects their commitment into the choice making

How does the author create suspense in chapter two of the novel, in which Carl Heine’s body is discovered Free Essays

In this essay I am going to explain how the author, David Guterson creates suspense in chapter two. The author helps create suspense by using the typical technical structure of story writing and emphasises their use. David Guterson throughout the whole of the book uses a lot of descriptive imagery, especially in this chapter, which makes a significant additive in the story line. We will write a custom essay sample on How does the author create suspense in chapter two of the novel, in which Carl Heine’s body is discovered? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main protagonists in this chapter are Art Moran, the town’s sheriff and Abel Martinson a young officer. The beginning of chapter two starts without informing the reader about the death of Carl Heine, so the reader doesn’t know Carl is dead, this is not revealed until the end of the chapter. The setting and pace of this chapter I think are the two most important elements that help create the suspense. This is because they create the atmosphere. The setting of most of chapter two is set on Carl Heine’s deserted boat, deserted as in the middle of the harbour and lonely in the thick fog, ‘A fog as palpable as cotton’ Is the description used by the author to describe the weather. The suspense is built up thicker and leaves the reader wondering why the boat is alone and not moving. Just before Carl Heine’s body is recovered the weather starts to change slightly and the fog starts to become clearer, which is a hidden meaning that the truth is becoming clearer, they are getting closer to the truth. On the boat Abel and Art find a lot of unforeseen objects that makes them wonder what is going on and again with the reader. ‘Silent fish’ Is the word to describe the salmon that has been found and has obviously been there for a while. The word silent is the keyword as it represents the atmosphere and possibly Carls death. Then the coffee cup tipped on its side, which shows struggle. The most mysterious item found was the battery dead that I think is symbolic of Carl Heine being dead. The pace of this chapter starts off very, very slow which reflects Carl Heine’s death. David uses a lot of history when describing the different characters, not to mention the specific details he goes in to describe them. ‘The sheriff was a lean figure, unimposing, who habitually chewed a stick of juicy fruit gum’ Is just one example of the description used. Also the author uses very long sentences, which again slows down the pace of the chapter, this changes towards the end of the chapter. The pace increases in speed, which also increases the intensity and the fact that something is going to happen. This is similar to a movie when they use music to create the atmosphere, start it off slow and then increase the speed to let the audience know something is going to happen but music cant be used in a book so they use the sentences and words to create their atmosphere. When the author increases the pace he uses words like ‘Thrust’ This is onomatopoeia, which David adds to create sound to the chapter. The pace slows down once Carl Heine’s body is discovered which lets the reader come to reality that the body or what Abel and Art were looking for has finally been found. This creativity also comes into use with the language. The language often stays the same throughout the chapter, but in this sense it helps the reader create a vivid image or picture of the person in your head. The language is also very repetitive which builds up the atmosphere in a sense of panic. The author then leaves Carls face as the last thing the two see and the fact that they don’t want to see it and they will have to eventually, is this sense of realisation. Not just for Abel and Art but for the reader, as it is such an intimate chapter. So therefore as seen the author very cleverly creates suspense by using and changing the language, pace, setting and using the characters wisely which makes this chapter more effective as it leaves the reader asking questions like, Why is the boat there? where’s Carl Heine? And most importantly what’s going to happen next? All these answered are eventually found out in the end of chapter two. How to cite How does the author create suspense in chapter two of the novel, in which Carl Heine’s body is discovered?, Papers

Marketing and Communication Marketing Plan

Question: Describe about the Marketing and Communication for Marketing Plan? Answer: Introduction The country is facing a lot of troubles and theGovt.of all are accommodating and welcoming help, specifically from NGOs or also known as charitable institutions. However, there are varied points that must be noted in marketingor promoting different kinds ofNGOs. Oxfam is said to be one of the largest NGO in the world with over 19 organizations working together in 99 nations and works harder to find long-lasting solutions to prejudice, inequality and power. The firm works directly with communities to make sure that poor people can improve their lives and have equal rights to be part of the decision making process (OXFAM Team, 2016). Oxfam is assisting many countries and communities in terms of economic, social and financial phase. Situational Analysis Asituational analysisis a vital assessment of your existing business situation. It serves as a preliminary point for a marketing plan. A useful tool to analyze situation is 5 C which are explained as follows: Company Oxfam relies both on national and international donations and volunteers. Their main aim is to provide emotional and financial assistants to people who have suffered from any natural calamities, floods, poverty, health, injustice. Oxfam will use latest technology to reach its target customers via GPS, Internet facilities, communities and other time saving gadgets. Collaborators The Oxfam NGO will collaborate with different communities all over the world who are working for the same cause (Thinking Bookworm Team, 2012). This collaboration will help them to reach their target audience anytime in a short span of time. Presently, Oxfam has reached up to 99 nations. We have alliances with 14 other NGO who have the same mission and vision like ours. Customers Our target markets are people who need assistance from different parts of the world and they are primarily dependent on NGOs. Our target audience will be families in trouble, health concerns, poverty, education and people suffered from natural calamities (Chanimal Team, 2015). The demand of our organization is influenced by the economic and political condition of the world like terrorism, disease outbreak or any war. Climate Economic and Political conditions in a country will greatly influence our working. Any economic issue or political happening in a country will direct our way towards them. This situation could be financial recession or crisis in a country, communal wars, floods or natural calamities, terror attacks, spreading of an uncontrolled disease (Woods, 2016). Competition The company is into any competition and in fact, it collaborates with other NGOs to spread its operations, although there any other NGOs in UK who are working on similar grounds. STP Model Segmentation A segment is a cluster of people with same needs who are part of our entire market. Oxfam customers can be segmented into various sub heads: Geographical Oxfam operates in 99 nations through various communities and focuses on people who are dependent on NGOs Determinants Segmentation is done giving emphasis on family, health, poverty and education Demographics Oxfam focuses on all genders, ages who are from poor communities or suffering from any disease, injustice or terror attack. Nearly half of theworld's population that is more than 3 billionpeople lives on less than $2.50 a day. More than 1.3 billion live in extreme poverty less than $1.25 a day. 1 billion children worldwide are living in poverty (OCW MIT EDU, 2002). Target Oxfam stress on thetermsof assistance and help, its target market consists mainly those public suffering fromdiseaseor health concerns and poor communities of the globe will be influenced by varied familiar faces as well as statistics in the organization. The idea of the Oxfam is to facilitate persons of all ages, culture as well as background to enjoy their lives and improve the quality of their livelihood with the help of international NGOs or charitable such as Oxfam. Positioning Communication process and approach will help to focus on the entire relationship part of Oxfam towards their target group. This can be done by varied communication structure that will chiefly focus on communicating and linking with the communities, government educational sector. It will be conducted by sequence of diverse communication method such as press, advertisement, and website or online, seminars and other events that are important for the same (Cihangir, 2008). The advertisement will be done with videos and varied charitable organizations and institutions will be visited, and it will be possible through direct relationship. At one side seminars will be important in different schools, universities and establishments that are directly and indirectly significant to the communities, local government educational sector. Apart from this, the Internet will be the best means of communicating or linking with the target markets. Strategy Apart from charity and volunteers, the NGO needs much more, that is why a lot of focus is given for educational and knowledge (Dawson, 2005). Therefore, for Oxfam more emphasis is paid for having knowledge of the activities at the global level. The strategy is to have oversees partnerships with partners who would want to get involved in helping the society. The values will focus on teamwork, excellence, truthfulness, sincerity, knowledge, sympathy, security and passion. The NGO would focus on incorporating advertising, promotion, corporate partner involvement and increasing the general of Oxfam The charity and donations are mostly from inside the NGO. The international partnership also plays a big role in the marketing plan. The varied economic and political aspects internationally play a big role as threats and the success of the marketing plan (Oxfam International, 2016). First and foremost, advantage of the financial assistance related to economic and political determinants is considered. These factors have an impact on various non-government organizations (NGOs) and other organizations in various parts of the world. Furthermore, importance is also stressed on the varied factors that are pertinent to the present monetary crisis around the world its impact can be on the non-government organizations (NGOs) industry. Because Oxfam is associated with the Confederation of further 14 organizations, it is by now having a reflection, which is very important for an organization. Thus, it is important to have varied links with different eminent as well as worldwide recognized persons that have already dedicated to the campaign (Firetail Team, 2013). Also the understanding of the NGOs or charitable organization will also be undertaken religiously, because it is already well-known with the various drifts and alteration in the various aspects of the industry that will influence the behavior of the environment. Objective for the Future The vision of Oxfam is to make the globe a place where men and women are treated at par. The goals are to become the voice of the society and the underprivileged. Goal: 1. Market Penetration The target of Oxfam is to focus on other sectors that will boost the overseas charity. For the goal is to initiate first with a varied group of people. Financial Objectives It is targeted that in the very first year of the fresh plan, there will be about $6 million in the wholesales of the tickets and returns of the business. Furthermore, the goal is to also influence the general connection and reputation of the NGOs or charitable institutions in varied target markets. In the initial months of the execution, the target is to have a good increase in the sales of cameras, hardwares and books because people would be inquisitive about the new service and attraction of the organization (UKEssays Team, 2015). Other Goals To ensure that women and the underprivileged work out their rights. To considerably lower down the incidents of violence against women To provide basic amenities at the time of natural disasters and save lives of the people who die because of deprivation. To protect food globally so that people are never deprived of food. The poor people will be provided the food security by protecting the food supply globally. To provide improvement in basic services like health and education. Empowering more women and young people to get involved in economic, social and democratic life This plan is a determined plan to realize a fair world devoid of poverty with the support of all around. Control Control is an essential step for the complete execution of the marketing plan. For the plan, status reporting will be important in order to ascertain that all the activities are completed within a stipulated time period and funds. Weekly status update and continuous examination will be done to ensure that all the features of the plan are moving competently. Besides weekly status updates there will be monthly meetings with the management or the decision makers in order to ascertain that the performance of the people is adhering to the set standards and ethics or not. Marketing Mix Marketing mix is putting right product with right place and time. It consists of 4 Ps which are as follows: Product A product is an article that is made or shaped to satisfy the requirements of a certain group of people. The product can be intangible or tangible as it can be in the form of services or goods. Oxfam provides various products like clothing, cameras, books, fashion, games, toys, music, and games. Finances from these goods are utilized to help people in need in the form of money or emotional support to people who are suffering from disease, poverty, floods, crisis or any disaster (MaRS DISCOVERY DISTRICT. , 2014). We make sure that our products (helping aids) satisfy the needs of our target group. Price The price of the product is essentially the amount that a customer pays for to enjoy it. Price is a very important component of themarketing mix. As Oxfam is a globally charitable institute it provides services or aid to its client at negligible cost. Its pricing is covered by the donors who provide them finances for these services rendered to sufferer. Donors are institutes, establishments or general public. Anyone who wants to donate can shop online through their websites. Profits from these sales are utilized towards their target group. Place Placement or distribution is a very significant part of the marketing mix. You have to place and allocate the product in a place that is available to potential clients. Understanding our target group is very important as it helps us to distribute our product efficiently. Oxfam reaches globally to 99 nations through various tie ups with communities, NGOs and donors (Teneric Limited, 2016). We work on various critical projects in nations and focus on our target markets who are suffering from these crises with the help of communities and NGOs Promotion Promotion is a very important component of marketing as it can increase brand acknowledgment and sales. Oxfam communicates and promote its product in the following ways: Communication is done with communities, local governments and education sectors to maintain relationship and enhance communication Communication will be done via press conference, advertisement, online chats and other events Promotion and advertisement will be done with the help of videos, website updates, seminars at various institutes, schools and colleges Internet will be the best source of communication and relationship building tools People The companys employees are vital in marketing as they are the ones who provide the services to its clients. It is important to recruit and train the right people to deliver quality service to the clients. Oxfams hires best employees and bring satisfaction among them by giving them a competitive salary, all vital benefits like pension, sick leaves, maternity benefits, special discounts. They also provide them with services of childcare vouchers, nursery, employee assistant support and transportation services. Process The systems and processes of the organization affect the implementation of the service. Oxfam aims to follow structured processes with the help of communities, local government to provide quality and timely services to its clients in needs. Follow ups are being kept through emails, seminars and regular internal process followed by back office staff. Physical Evidence In a charitable institute it is important to keep a physical evidence of the service. It has become an important part of marketing mix now. As an Oxfam team, we will make a system to keep physical evidence in the form of contract, email, or any other written document when we are providing any assistance to the client via local government, community or any establishment. PART II As an Oxfam employee, I will promote my company and raise additional funds with the help of following promotional aids: The best way to promote my companys name is through online media. I will post latest pictures and stories of our current events on Facebook and twitter. I will make sure the pictures are touching and digitized, which are catchy for our page visitors. Our email id and contact details will be mentioned in order to attract donations. In additional to this, we will also publicize our product range for sale and mention that all profits from the same will be utilized in social cause. Brochures and Pamphlets will be distributed in schools, colleges, Companies to invite more sale and donation from youngsters who wish to see change in the world. Focus on increasing sales of games, vacation tickets, music, videos, clothes increase donation amount Motivate to donate as minimum as 2 to cultivate a habit of donating Update our website regularly with latest projects, including information and pictures. Build personal relations with communities, local government by regularly visiting them and holding seminars and other meetings. Start a personal chat or email contact system with the client to solve their queries. The whole marketing and promotion mix helped me to understand the concepts thoroughly (Oxfam , 2016). As per promotion mix of Marketing, Public Relations, Advertising, Sales Promotions and Personal Selling all are important pillars of promotion. As a marketing team, we can reach our goals only when all these pillars are covered. So, while making above strategies all these things were kept in mind. The Promotion mix cycle has been explained in the appendices. Sample of Brochure is attached in the Appendices. Conclusion Oxfam is said to be one of the largest NGO in the world with over 19 organizations working together in 99 nations and works harder to find long-lasting solutions to prejudice, inequality and power. Oxfam relies both on national and international donations and volunteers. Their main aim is to provide emotional and financial assistants to people who have suffered from any natural calamities, floods, poverty, health, injustice. As per the situation analysis all 5 Cs have been elaborated and it justifies that how company, customers, collaborators, climate and competition are important to understand for making a complete marketing plan. Segmentation, targeting and positioning has been done, which explains that how the target group of Oxfam does it segmentation and a proper positioning strategy is made. As per new marketing plan, strategies were made regarding increase in donation amount and upgrade our promotion strategies. The new marketing plan will boost our revenues, which will in ret urn help us to provide more assistance to our target. Bibliography Chanimal Team, 2015. Marketing Plan (Situational Analysis). [Online] Available at: https://www.chanimal.com/resources/marketing-plans-strategy/situational-analysis/ Cihangir, M., 2008. Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning. Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning, 18 November. Dawson, E., 2005. Strategic Gender Mainstreaming in Oxfam GB. s.l.:Taylor Francis, Ltd. . Firetail Team, 2013. OXFAMS STRATEGIC PLAN. [Online] Available at: https://www.firetail.co.uk/strategy/oxfams-strategic-plan/ MaRS DISCOVERY DISTRICT. , 2014. The marketing mix in marketing strategy: Product, price, place and promotion. The marketing mix in marketing strateg, 05 April. OCW MIT EDU, 2002. Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning , s.l.: s.n. Oxfam , 2016. Pay, benefits and conditions. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/working-at-oxfam/what-oxfam-offers Oxfam International, 2016. Oxfam Strategic Plan, 2013-2019 : The Power of People Against Poverty. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/en/countries/oxfam-strategic-plan-2013-2019-power-people-against-poverty OXFAM Team, 2016. WEWON'TLIVE WITH POVERTY. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxfam.org.uk/ Teneric Limited, 2016. Explaining the Marketing Mix. [Online] Available at: https://www.teneric.co.uk/businessinfo/marketing-mix.html Thinking Bookworm Team, 2012. The Marketing Planning Of Oxfam. The Marketing Planning Of Oxfam, May. UKEssays Team, 2015. Marketing Management Of A Charitable Organisation Oxfam Commerce Essay. [Online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/marketing-management-of-a-charitable-organisation-oxfam-commerce-essay.php Woods, C., 2016. Situational Analysis in Marketing: Examples, Definition Format. [Online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/situational-analysis-in-marketing-examples-definition-format.html

The Hit of a Lifetime free essay sample

I was starting varsity at second base and contributing to my team in any way. I was doing what I needed to do. Our team was a force to be reckoned with In this state, and we knew It. Our first test was the MASC. championship game, a home game. The cards were laid out great for us. We were hosting Princeton High, who later became the 2012 state champions. The day came, but we only played a few Innings before the skies unleashed on us with rain and lightning. The players, coaches, umpires, and a few dedicated fans tried to Walt out the storm. We waited until around 1 1 p. , when the umpires decided to postpone the game until the next day. The agony of waiting can play mind games with you. All night and all the next day, you wait and anticipate that championship game. The time finally came, and Mother Nature was finally a baseball fan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hit of a Lifetime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The skies were a beautiful blue, the sun shining perfectly, and even a few birds chirping. You could smell baseball in the air. The game started and went back and forth many times. At this point, we were taking anything we could get, scraping and clawing for any type of spark.As the game went on, our endurance was tested, and the score was tied at the end of the 7th inning. Our first extra inning we fought on to keep the score tied. We were up to bat last, since we were the home team. I got the chance of a lifetime, a moment that could define my rather short life up until then. I came up to bat with two outs in the bottom of the 9th inning. The first pitch was high and outside. The second pitch was released, a survivable on the outer side of the plate. I put every ounce of effort and will into the swing and watched it pop off my bat.I darted running and was stunned to see the ball sail over the left field fence. I had hit the game winning homerun in the championship game, and when I came around heading to home my baseball family mobbed me at the plate. It was quite a moment, a moment In which my life was defined. I have always worked hard In athletics because Im not one of the naturally gifted athletes. Vive accepted this fact and I love the challenge to make myself better. Vive done It my whole life. On this day, my athletic life was defined and changed forever. I saw firsthand that hard work eventually pays off.I vowed to make myself better every day that I had the opportunity. I started Lifting weights over the summer and watching exactly what kind of food I was eating to make It as efficient as possible. This moment has changed my athletic life forever, and has overall defined my life. The Hit of a Lifetime By estates most athletes can only dream. My defining moment is a once in a lifetime happening in a lifetime event. A moment in which I never dreamed would become a reality. My was a force to be reckoned with in this state, and we knew it.Our first test was the came, but we only played a few innings before the skies unleashed on us with rain and lightning. The players, coaches, umpires, and a few dedicated fans tried to wait a moment in which my life was defined. I have always worked hard in athletics because Im not one of the naturally gifted done it my whole life. On this day, my athletic life was defined and changed forever. I day that I had the opportunity. I started lifting weights over the summer and watching exactly what kind of food I was eating to make it as efficient as possible.

Term Limits essays

Term Limits essays "Government Proposes a Ban on Two Antibiotics Used in Poultry" The New York Times, October 29, 2000 ECONOMIC PRINCIPLE: Demand- The Factors That Can Shift Demand Increase or Decrease in Demand on Equilibrium Price (Pe) and Quantity (Qe) A change in demand will cause equilibrium price and output to change in the same direction. A decrease in demand will cause a reduction in the equilibrium price and quantity of a good. The decrease in demand also causes excess supply to develop at the initial price. Excess supply will cause prices to fall, and as the price falls producers are willing to supply less of the good, thereby decreasing output. An increase in demand will cause an increase in the equilibrium price and quantity of a good. The increase in demand causes excess demand to develop at the initial price. Excess demand will cause the price to rise, and as price rises producers are willing to sell more, thereby increasing output. There are many factors that can cause a change in demand but there seems to be four main factors that effect it the most. First, a change in consumers income can shift the curve. If there is an increase in consumers income, the demand curve will shift to the right. Second, a change in population can shift the curve. If the population increases, the demand curve shifts to the right. Another important factor is the preferences of the consumer. If the consumers preference for a certain good increases, this will also shift the curve to the left. The last and possibly most important factor is the prices of related goods. In regard to substitutes, if the price of a substitute increases, the demand curve for the original good will shift to the right. For example, if the price of Pepsi rises, the demand curve for Coke shifts to the right. In regard to ...

How To Job Search Over the Weekend

How To Job Search Over the Weekend So you want to be a weekend job search warrior. Maybe  you set yourself some goals this week and then get too busy to fulfill them. Or maybe you just want to dip your feet in the job search pool to see how you feel when you have a bit of free time. Regardless of why you find yourself job searching on the weekend, here are some good strategies to keep in mind. Stay on top of your go-to sites.Sure, there won’t be a lot of new jobs posted over the weekend. But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t keep an eye on your alerts and even consider responding to any that might come up. It’s a competitive market out there and someone is working harder at getting hired than you are!Use the time to play catch up.Maybe you’ve been so busy all week that the alerts and opportunities are piling up. Use the weekend to catch up and respond. Clear out your alerts, do a few searches, and send out those  networking emails. Go into Monday fresh and up to speed.Review your p rogress.Look back on the week before. How did you do? What’s working/not working? Take this time and space to evaluate your progress and make any necessary adjustments.Remember to weekend.It is still your weekend. Be sure not to burn out by spending the entire time job searching. Do something weekendy!Clean house.Are your documents all in order? Do you have old versions lurking on your hard drive that can be deleted? Any files that should be reformatted or renamed? Is everything that needs to be in your documents already there? You could even consider saving the cover letters that got you nibbles to a separate folder; you’ve obviously got something right in them!While you’re at it, tidy up your real house. Make your desk a calming and productive space where you can get in, do your thing, and get out efficiently.Dial back your search.Follow the quality vs. quantity rule and prune your list down to jobs you actually qualify for- not just partial possibles. Putting more energy into fewer applications might actually get you a job a lot faster.Follow up.You might not expect to reach anyone over the weekend, but it’s a good time to chart who you’ve heard back from and who you should nudge. You could even write your emails and save them in your drafts folder to send mid-morning Monday.

Effects of News Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effects of News Media - Essay Example Secondly, the journalists have often received threats of violence and legal action from people avoiding unfavorable publicity. This is a significant challenge especially if the coverage is on drugs or political agendas that are opposed to the government. The career is also risky based on the bribes that are presented to the media to avoid publication of an unfavorable story. Some journalists may be vulnerable to bribes which results to dishonest at work and an eventual dismissal. Other key challenges relate to gifts that are used by leading companies to buy friendship with the media so as to avoid bad publicity, family where a journalist may fear to offend the clan, organization or friends by producing an article on them and tradition in which case the writer may be pressured into a certain patterns of behavior (Campbell, Martin & Fabos 387). As a journalist, one has to be careful on what sites in the web the right information can be obtained. The credibility of information especially with regard to political issues in the websites is questionable since most of the people will post issues that favor and are of interest to them. Some may not even weigh the repercussion of the information they post in these sites. A journalist thus has a challenge to look at the formation provided and obtain data that is relevant, accurate, fair, unbiased and concentrate more on the content information and source. In this case, the journalist has to understand that the news publicized influence the level of thinking of the readers of such content. Therefore, media production is not just about writing articles, but more about filtering all content to ensure that the information provided is proper. The information and news media have influenced the American culture through many ways. Not only do they produce proper and relevant information, but also destructive sites especially with regard to pornographic material. The media thus has a social

Testing Required When Applying for a CE Mark for a Medical Device Essay

Testing Required When Applying for a CE Mark for a Medical Device - Essay Example The use of a PE tube is used to hold the cement after sterilization per prescribed, typical methods contained in the standards. The cement is mixed and inserted into the tube to a level flush with the tube. The cement used in a fresh state prior to implanting is also tested for microbiological contamination. As the testing requires a tube to contain the cement for testing a like size rod of equal diameter and length and sanitized per normal procedures will be used as the control. For long term testing of in bone, which is what is required in test the effects of the cement which will be used long term in actual application, selection of the species for test and control is contained in Figure 1 below: Implantation will be done through normally accepted surgical method including shaving the insertion area and thorough antiseptic cleaning of the area and surgery to implant should be performed to minimize any trauma to the area. After insertion sutures are used to close the site and ensure tubes do not loosen or move. After surgery observation is conducted of the test species at appropriate intervals to note and record per 3.3.4 of the standard â€Å"any abnormal findings, including local, systemic and behavioural abnormalities† (p. 5). At the completion of the testing period, in this case 78 weeks the animals will be euthanized humanely in order to determine the biological response of the test area to the prolonged contact with the cement â€Å"by grading and documenting the macroscopic and histopathological test responses as a function of time† (p. 5) and comparing it with the control material (the rods) and the surrounding area. The examination will be facilitated by use of a low magnification lens of each test site material. After all of these results have been documented, the test and control tubes and rods and the surround tissue/bone shall

Rationalizing Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Rationalizing Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability Essay There happens to be a two-fold task governing the existence of economic development and environmental stability – national progress towards economy depends on natural resources, and natural resources needs replenishment to continue the cyclical mode of economic development. In this manner, these two important national concerns continuously exist with a common approach of relationship. Indeed, the economy depends on the environment and the stability of the environment likewise opts for support from the sectors enriching the economy. In issues occurring between economic development and environmental stability, there are claims that the arousal of the economy inhibits the constancy of the environment. The energy sector primarily is one of the fundamental avenues governing this relationship. An exemplification of such is the report of Woodwell and Ramakrishna (2004) entitled â€Å"World Bank undermines efforts on global warming†: It states there that the World Bank favorably considered the continued support for the expansion of new-fangled sources of fossil fuels, one of the principal causes of climatic distraction. It came up with a decision that interests on recommending support to the less developed countries which are good prospects that can sell oil or gas or coal to the world markets. Furthermore, the alleged deed brings back into the limelight the ongoing inconsistency between the voices of the scientific community that provokes on the world’s state, and the ears of what the economic and political communities bear. In fact, the environment is being changed in conduct that annihilates its life-supporting capacity. Instead, it seeks for immediate efficient steps to stop the erosion. Such report only signifies how the trend of coming up with possible sources of oil, gas or coal can be much of a danger to the environment, to the inhabitants surrounding the possible resources, and to the planet earth as well. Global warming for the past decades continuously alarms the people of its degrading effects on the environment. Drastically, different industries governing the economy surely have directly or indirectly implied to such dilemma. In lieu with this, the question is back to basic â€Å"What does the environment do to the economy? † Indeed, there is a need to assess the economic value of the environment through its fundamental means, ways, and processes. Taking a look with CIDA’s Policy for Environmental Sustainability, an article called â€Å"Assessing the Economic Value of the Environment† states that taking into consideration the economic values implied to all environmental values, which may be of cultural, aesthetic, or spiritual, is not possible. Moreover, programmers are in constant need to assess the environment’s value to know its value in economic terms, and to assess the economy’s value to identify its value in making of environment decisions. In contrast with the macro and micro level, there is a need to emphasize the pros and cons of doing economical activities that may affect that of the environment. Furthermore, the article â€Å"The Complicated Interrelationships of Poverty, Population and Natural Resources† from the same policy states the sophisticated interrelated web of cause and effect relationships among poverty, population growth, degradation of natural resources and natural resource consumption (11). Three factors such as population, environment and poverty are commonly indivisible. In this manner, such dilemma is perceived in most of the less developed and highly populated countries. Most of the highly populated countries accumulate much of its resources creating a slash on its natural resources yet may incur a probable high or low effect to its economy. Indeed, in terms of economic development and environmental sustainability, the whole process is inevitably diversified. With this, the relationship between the economy and the environment takes action upon the people and their surroundings. Works Cited Woodwell, George M. and Ramakrishna, Kilaparti. â€Å"World Bank undermines efforts on Global Warming. † The Boston Globe 11 August 2004. â€Å"Assessing the Economic Value of the Environment. † January 1992. Canadian International Development Agency. 13 April 2007 http://www. acdi-cida. gc. ca/inet/images. nsf /vLUImages/Policy2/$file/ENV-E. pdf â€Å"The Complicated Interrelationships of Poverty, Population and Natural Resources. † January 1992. Canadian International Development Agency. 13 April 2007 http://www. acdi- cida. gc. ca/inet/images. nsf /vLUImages/Policy2/$file/ENV-E. pdf

Programming :: Free Essay Writer

Programming A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data. Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software. In some specialized, or "dedicated," computers the operating instructions are embedded in their circuitry; common examples are the microcomputers found in calculators, wristwatches, automobile engines, and microwave ovens. A general-pur pose computer, on the other hand, contains some built-in programs (in ROM) or instructions (in the processor chip), but it depends on external programs to perform useful tasks. Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do. Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programs-instructions to the computer on how to perform various tasks. Languages. A computer must be given instructions in a "language" that it understands-that is, a particular pattern of binary digital information. On the earliest computers, programming was a difficult, laborious task, because vacuum-tube ON-OFF switches had to be set by hand. Teams of programmers often took days to program simple tasks such as sorting a list of names. Since that time a number of computer languages have been devised, some with particular kinds of functioning in mind and others aimed more at ease of use-the "user-friendly" approach. Machine Language. Unfortunately, the computer's own binary-based language, or machine language, is difficult for humans to use. The programmer must input every command and all data in binary form, and a basic operation such as comparing the contents of a register to the data in a memory-chip location might look like this: 11001010 00010111 11110101 00101011. Machine-language programming is such a tedious, time consuming, task that the time saved in running the program rarely justifies the days or weeks needed to write the program. Assembly Language. One method programmers devised to shorten and simplify the process is called "assembly-language" programming. By assigning a short (usually three-letter) mnemonic code to each machine-language command, assembly-language programs could be written and "debugged"-cleaned of logic and data errors-in a fraction of the time needed by machine-language programmers. In assembly language, each mnemonic command and its symbolic operands equals one machine instruction. An "assembler" program translates the mnemonic "opcodes" (operation codes) and symbolic operands into binary language and executes the program.

My Semester Goals

turning this in these are my semester goals. I have already partially fulfilled one of them as I am on time. I have turned a new leaf in the book of my life and now am writing the story anew. The second most important goal I have this semester is an old forgotten friend that has been updated somewhat. I am maintaining a 3. 00 GPA this semester. I am doing all assignments and homework earlier than assigned. A purely social goal, I am talking and interacting more with other students in my classes. The quiet, almost invisible Landon is no more. I am enjoying my time on campus more that considering it just a â€Å"place of learning†. I am helping out around my house more too. I am also trying to help keep the peace between my sisters who constantly argue and fight. I’m also taking on the task of keeping my room clean. This is a very, very long-term goal. I am saving part of every paycheck I receive no matter what. I am tired of borrowing money from my mom and being broke. I am saving at least five hundred dollars by the end of this semester. The last and most important goal is that of a spiritual one. It is benefiting my spirit to complete each and every one of these goals. This is a great boost of confidence and promotes well being. I won’t know if I complete these goals until the portfolio check later this year. I plan not to look at these goals until then and see how many I have completed.

The German Blitz

Where and when did the Blitz start? At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the luftwaffe (the German Air Force), launched a massive attack on London. Around 350 bombers flew across the English Channel from France and dropped 300 tonnes of bombs on the docks and streets of London. Other places that were affected? Other important military and industrial centres, such as Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Exeter, Glasgow, Sheffield, Swansea, Liverpool, Manchester, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Nottingham, Brighton, Eastbourne, Sunderland, and Southhampton, suffered heavy air raids and high numbers of casualties. Bootle and Hull were the most badly damaged cities city after London. Birmingham and Coventry were targeted because of the Spitfire and tank factories based in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. Who did it affect and where did they go? Around 827,000 Schoolchildren and their teachers were evacuated, 524,000 Mothers with children under five and some pregnant women and disabled people. They were evacuated by trains and via the road to smaller towns in the countryside. Some children went to stay with relatives but most were sent to live with complete strangers. Where did people go during the air raids? As the night raids became so frequent, many people who were tired of repeatedly interrupting their sleep to go back and forth to the shelters, virtually took up residence in a shelter. There was different types of air raid shelters, there was the anderson shelter which were small corrugated iron shelters half buried in the ground with earth heaped on top to protect them from bomb blasts. Another type of shelter was the morrison shelter, it was made specifically for people without gardens, it was made from heavy steel and could also be used as a table, people sheltered underneath it during a raid. On September 21, 1940 the London Underground started to be used as an air raid shelter. On the busiest night in 1940, 177,000 people slept on platforms. In other parts of Britain caves where used to shelter in. When did the blitz stop? The Blitz ended in mid-may 1941 due to German Planes being sent to the east of Europe to prepare for the invasion of Russia.

How To Cold Pitch Your Next Guest Blogging Opportunity

How To Cold Pitch Your Next Guest Blogging Opportunity Guest blogging has had a tumultuous life cycle. Hot one day, and then cold the next–no one seems to know if they should really be guest blogging or not. Wait, didnt Matt Cutts say that it was dead? Yes, for SEO, but that doesnt mean that it is really dead, does it? Matt Cutts called it, or did he? Heres the thing.  Since the beginning, there has always been two different kinds of guest blogging. There is the lame kind that Matts Cutts has declared dead. These are the spammers, the folks that see guest blogging as a tool to build linkbacks to their website and nothing else. Let me remind you about some of the methods they use. They look like this: Free content? How could this be? These arent really guest bloggers. They are blog hijackers. Their emails are lame, their topics are weak, and the writingOh, *od the writing. Matt Cutts is right in that blog hijacking needs to be dead, but did he really have to go and throw all guest blogging into the mix? Guest Blogging Can Be Good. Right? The second kind of guest blogging, as you can imagine, is the good kind. This is the kind of guest blogging that you do. Right? (Right?) This form of guest blogging is about a lot more than a simple linkback to some sketchy site. It is about audience, respect, and the genuine sharing of information that the web has made possible. These writers appreciate a link to their blog, but it isnt why they get up in the morning. They are trying to build an audience, and blogging on someone elses blog helps them do just that. Who can blame them? This kind of guest blogging isnt dead. It is the ideal form of guest blogging, and Matt Cutts is actually saving it. How Matt Cutts Saved Guest Blogging With every good thing there is at least one bad thing that comes with it. Life is full of tradeoffs. With email, we got spam. With the browser, we got pop-ups. With Twitter, we got direct messages. For every channel that can be used for good, there is a way to abuse it and use it for something bad. There are always opportunities for spammers to spread their spam. Matt Cutts is trying to scare them off. He is doing exactly what we need him to do. Since the beginning, spammers have been using and abusing guest blogging because Google was telling them that it would help. Linkbacks were so obviously tied to search rankings, and guest blogging was an easy way to get those linkbacks. Google was, essentially, enabling them. In January, Cutts put a stop to it. He told them that rather than helping them, guest blogging was going to start hurting them. He was trying to scare spammers off, not you.   He was trying to tell you to keep going. He was secretly whispering to you guest blogging isnt really dead, I am just fixing it for you. By scaring away the riff-raff, he is creating a panacea, a solution to the endless emails promising free content for links, a solution for an endless supply of poorly written posts. The spammers will go away, and we real bloggers can finally get back to work. All I can say is thank you, Matt. Thanks for killing guest blogging so that we can finally start fresh. Learning How To Guest Blog, Again So, if the death blow from Google is really more of a starting point rather than an ending point, where should we go next? It only makes sense that we redefine the rules and learn how to guest blog all over again. Rule #1: Guest Blogging Is For Serious People The first step is to realize who guest blogging is for. No longer is it for semi-pro SEOs and link builders. Instead, it is for those who want to better establish themselves as experts in their field. It  is for bloggers who take what they do seriously, and do it for the love of creating and sharing great content. Rule #2: Guest Blogging Is For Building Your Reputation Guest gives us a chance to write in front of a new audience. This gives us the ability to earn their trust and respect directly, by appearing on a blog they already trust. If we blog well, we may be able to keep their attention over the long term on our own blog. Guest blogging isnt about SEO anymore (although  there are still benefits). Now, it is about building trust and reputation. Rule #3: Guest Blogging Is For The Audience The beauty of the guest post is that we are able to take someone elses audience and make it our own. It is the perfect give-and-take. As writers, we get attention and exposure to a new audience, and as blog owners we get fresh content that will hopefully engage and excite our audience. My own guest post about  long-form content,  over on the Spin Sucks blog,  is a great example. I was able to establish my role in content marketing while encouraging a lively debate and discussion. It was a win for everyone. Rule #4: Guest Blogging Isnt For Links If you are only worried about links back to your stuff, then guest blogging simply isnt for you. Move on. Rule #5:  Guest Blogging Should Come With Simple Expectations If we are going to be participating in guest blogging, we need to know what to realistically expect from the experience. Huge traffic? Probably not. Fame and fortune? Certainly not. Trust and value? Yes please. Guest blogging is no longer about the quick win (with super-sized links!!!!). It is now a long-term tactic. It is really about personal brand building more than anything else, and that means that we need to go into it with simple expectations instead of grandiose visions of traffic and Google juice.

Characterizing Mrs. Bennet

As far as the Mrs. being a gossip, it is clear that Mr. Bennet has heard his fair share of it from her. When asked if he wants to know who is moving into Netherfield he replies that he knows that she wants to tell him, but that he does not particularly â€Å"want† to hear it. We also see that Mr. Bennet knows his wife is somewhat of a drama queen and he is constantly poking fun at her with his sarcasm, which she never seems to understand as such. Yet another example of Mr. Bennet’s experience with his wife’s personality is his seemingly un-caring behavior towards his daughters getting married. Mrs. Bennet is convinced that Mr. Bingley could be her new son-in-law, Mr. Bennet points out that Bingley is not necessarily there to find a wife. Through all these ways we can see a bit of Mrs. Bennet’s personality through the words of another character in the book. We can get even more information through words not necessarily spoken in the book, but spoken to us through the voice of the narrator. Even the simplest of comments can show a huge personality trait. The simplest way the narrator shows us that Mrs. Bennet loves to gossip and talk is when Mr. Bennet says he has no objection to hearing her story, the narrator points out that â€Å"That was invitation enough,† showing us that Mrs. Bennet is very eager to get her information out. Although we can gather much of Mrs. Bennet’s character through the entirety of the page, the narrator makes sure we have gathered what we need to about her by giving us a summary at the very end of the page. The narrator tells us that â€Å"She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. † So, once again we gather that she loves â€Å"visiting and news,† or gossip, and that the business of her life is to get her daughters married. Mrs. Bennet is not hard to figure out with Jane Austen’s excellent characterization techniques. With her great narration techniques we have the author there to tell us much of what we need to know. Even better is that much of the time we don’t even need the narrators help, through the speech in the book; whether it be Mrs. Bennet herself, or somebody speaking to her or about her. Through either the character itself, the characters around it, or the author herself, Jane Austen manages to use all three â€Å"characters† excellently to show us the personality of Mrs. Bennet, as well as the rest of her characters. Characterizing Mrs. Bennet As far as the Mrs. being a gossip, it is clear that Mr. Bennet has heard his fair share of it from her. When asked if he wants to know who is moving into Netherfield he replies that he knows that she wants to tell him, but that he does not particularly â€Å"want† to hear it. We also see that Mr. Bennet knows his wife is somewhat of a drama queen and he is constantly poking fun at her with his sarcasm, which she never seems to understand as such. Yet another example of Mr. Bennet’s experience with his wife’s personality is his seemingly un-caring behavior towards his daughters getting married. Mrs. Bennet is convinced that Mr. Bingley could be her new son-in-law, Mr. Bennet points out that Bingley is not necessarily there to find a wife. Through all these ways we can see a bit of Mrs. Bennet’s personality through the words of another character in the book. We can get even more information through words not necessarily spoken in the book, but spoken to us through the voice of the narrator. Even the simplest of comments can show a huge personality trait. The simplest way the narrator shows us that Mrs. Bennet loves to gossip and talk is when Mr. Bennet says he has no objection to hearing her story, the narrator points out that â€Å"That was invitation enough,† showing us that Mrs. Bennet is very eager to get her information out. Although we can gather much of Mrs. Bennet’s character through the entirety of the page, the narrator makes sure we have gathered what we need to about her by giving us a summary at the very end of the page. The narrator tells us that â€Å"She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. † So, once again we gather that she loves â€Å"visiting and news,† or gossip, and that the business of her life is to get her daughters married. Mrs. Bennet is not hard to figure out with Jane Austen’s excellent characterization techniques. With her great narration techniques we have the author there to tell us much of what we need to know. Even better is that much of the time we don’t even need the narrators help, through the speech in the book; whether it be Mrs. Bennet herself, or somebody speaking to her or about her. Through either the character itself, the characters around it, or the author herself, Jane Austen manages to use all three â€Å"characters† excellently to show us the personality of Mrs. Bennet, as well as the rest of her characters.

Managing business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing business organisation - Essay Example we will find that how he showed some of the managerial capabilities and performed his roles very clearly in the management of his restaurant. Now looking at his interpersonal role he is the figure head of his organization as he has to perform all the routine duties of legal and social nature. As a leader, he is responsible for all managerial activities and motivates & involves subordinates in all managerial activities like staffing, training. The next job in the list is liaison. As seen in the case study Jamie has liaison with UK government under the new deal initiative. He is involve in recruitment, selection of trainees and involved in designing the training program as well as monitoring the trainees' development and performance. He performed the liaison activities with suppliers and growers and build long-term relationship with them. He always liaises with unemployed and unskilled people and motivates them to adopt the career as a chef. He has always contacted with the outsiders a nd maintained the professional relationship. As in the informational role of manager, Jamie has always been monitoring periodical news, observational tours and act as the nerve centre of organizational internal and external information. He has taken out the trainees on field visit to suppliers, farms and markets in order to communicate and other educational and training trips. As a disseminator, Jamie communicates with subordinates and trainees and maintains information flow and interpretation of information. As spokes person for his enterprise, he plans policies and serve as an expert in the food industry of which his organization belongs. Finally, as in decisional role, Jamie as an entrepreneur, evaluate its business and its general environment for opportunities and initiates, improve, changes and supervise different designs of the jobs and take decisions involving improvement in organizational effectiveness. As a manager, Jamie has a very clear vision and has the expertise and te chnical skills about his job. His technical knowledge and ability is very important to the whole enterprise, as it provides him with part of his credibility among the young trainees as well as forming the basis for much of their training .the series shows him demonstrating basic techniques such as cutting and food preparation, as well as devising menus and improvising his way around the occasional disaster experienced by the trainees. He has always been in search of right people in his organization and takes decisions on several aspects like recruiting selection and training of the trainees. He always has been taking the responsible of disturbance handler. His approach to discipline is quick and consistent; when someone makes a mistake, he points out what they have done, explains why it cause problem, and tells them what to do to remedy this situation; after which it is over and forgotten -at least as far as he is concerned. When the trainee realized that the labor involved in the j ob is too much, Jamie always motivated them and also been supportive to trainees, talked to them individually and often supported them financially. As an efficient and effective manager, Jamie always put emphasis on resource management which involves proper allocation of organizational resources. We see the building project going over budget and it experiences technical delays and setbacks; at times it looks as if it will fail to hit schedule or even open at all. Oliver's

Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research report - Essay Example versal view of their connection list that are constructed in the system.† Information and technology bequeath the present society with numerous interactive segments with the help of internet and gadgets of communication. Numerous interactive segments are provided by the social network sites depending on the motives of their founders. There are for example business, academics, sports, political, social, religion, and romantic platforms. It can be said that these sites are in position to entertain, inform, educate, and to create very strong feelings on their followers. Ever since they started, social sites such as twitter, Skype, MySpace, and Facebooks, among others have reportedly become ‘attention-grabbers’ for majority of those who use them as they have taken them as part and parcel of their day to day routine (Pedrycz, W., & Chen, S.-M. 2014). Presently there are numerous sites with varying features geared to suit their followers’ interests, and can be accessed through gadgets that have internet access. Basically social network sites are online services or platforms that aim at reflecting and building people’s relationship socially those for instance that have or share common activities and interests. The fame of social network sites increases as each second unfolds. They have become important tool of communication to their users and because of this trend learning institutions are now increasing using them to interact with learners as well as member of the teaching staff. Because of their continued use of social network sites drastic steps are being outlined by institutions to enlighten their students on social network sites usage and most so psychological dangers, legal issues, socio-economic and privacy issues. It also encourages students to live together and in harmony, bringing workload and additional responsibility, and collaborating and sharing which may appear to be forced and inflexible to some students (Naidu, 2005). In his studies, Gross

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Sustainability - Essay Example In the article by Koch (2015) for instance, the passive homes are designed to use less energy at act like thermos flasks. Energy is an interesting aspect because everybody uses energy in one form or the other on daily basis. One thing about sustainability that makes sense is that new and innovative ways of doing things are shaping the sustainability agenda. For example, in the article by Phansey (2014), the author shows how 3D printing has shaped manufacturing from its traditional form to additive manufacturing. Everybody appreciates that in order to lead a sustainable life, there is need to change the traditional way of doing things and adopt new strategies. However, I do not understand the issue of standards as they apply to sustainability. For example, in the article by Koch (2015), the Passive House Institute U.S. (PHIUS) sets the standards relating to passive houses. How such standards are developed and regulated is not clear to me. I would like to know more about recyclable materials. In particular, am interesting in knowing the various recyclable objects and materials around us and how to best use them. For example in the article by Phansey (2014), the author shows how thermoplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) can be recycled and used in 3D printing. Knowing more about such materials will be beneficial in contributing to the sustainability efforts. I believe that since we live in an era when resources are scarce, sustainability should be a tenet of every society around the world. This will make the world a better place. Koch, W. (2015). Thermos-Like Passive Homes Aggressively Save Energy.  National Geographic. Retrieved from

Effect Of Leadership On Employees

Effect Of Leadership On Employees This paper tries to research the impact of different variables of leadership on employee motivation. Leadership Style, Leaders Motivation, Leaders Gender and Leaders Skills were taken as the independent variable and Employee Motivation was taken as the dependent variable. Data was gathered through the use of questionnaires. The results showed that Leadership Style, Leaders Skill and Leaders Motivation had a significant impact on the Employees Motivation whereas Leadership Gender had no significant impact of the Employees Motivation. The research is concluded with a detailed analysis of the result with conclusion. This chapter introduces some of the important features of the topic. It will give an overview of the different variables involved in leadership and how they effect employee motivation. The broad topic of my research is Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management is a new emerging concern for the organizations in Pakistan. Locally we can see many firms without a proper Human Resource department. Lately the Human Resource practices which are conducted in Pakistan are mostly carried out in the manufacturing sector but recently we have experienced a trend of Human Resource being adopted in the services sector. This topic has managerial as well as academic value. An overview of leadership Leaders in an organization play the pivotal role of founding and promoting values and ethics in the work environment. The influence leaders will have on employees in any given organization is immense and it is this influence that is in fact also vital to its functioning. Their interaction with workers casts the modality of operations and depending on the leaders behaviorism and style promotes or decreases motivation in the work place. The study of leadership is an abstract one and that leaves many loose threads, it is situation specific and no blue prints for the perfect type are available. And yet the brunt of the goal oriented characteristic of motivation also lies with the leader and it is he/her who must take on the responsibility of molding his/her style to suit the employees motivation needs. This research looks in to the intricacy of the relationship between leadership and motivation and studies the linkages between the two. The purpose is to study the effects of factors like a leaders gender, style, behaviorism, quality, rewards, workers agreeability etc on subordinate motivation leading to conclusive results about the contingency of the two. Furthermore this paper attempts to address the underlying importance of linking and studying leadership and motivation for an organization and how it is vital for the functioning of the two roles of the subordinate and the leader. Background Information Leadership entails several tasks key of which are the basic ones of mobilizing resources, coherency and fluidity of purpose and values; and influencing processes. Tracing the origins of leadership would necessitate drawing upon the history of how mans earliest ancestors lived in communities. Secondly the study of the history of leadership requires a much broader definition of the term and a lesson in the anthropological progression of mankind. The evolutionary view of leadership stipulates the need for drawing contextual references for leadership as it is today. Organizational hierarchy exists in every species of living sort. Roles in it based on the simple principle of survival are assigned. Similarly in a man- eat- man world individuals are honed and prepared from an early age to take on survival or predatorily roles in an organization be it a pre- historical community of hunter gatherers; agrarian tribes; an industrial society or even a contemporary organization in this age of information. It is only through consciousness and learning that the old instinctual primordial roles have been cast and people from a diverse background have successfully (or not) attempted to take up the challenge of leadership. The study of leadership in organizations is thus a vastly rich field of research and study and commands much importance in the building of the hierarchy of any organization. Millions are spent each year in training managers to become effective leaders and leaders to be even more effective at what they do. Motivation became a focus of research because it is a vital component of factors affecting worker productivity, job satisfaction, etc. motivation in itself has been a key area of concern for social scientists for more than a century. What is the most efficient way to get work done was a problem slave drivers in ancient Egypt even dealt with. The contingency between the concepts of motivation and leadership have come to the fore with mans need for sustainable production and efficacy. Thus in preserving the workers motivation leaders have persevered themselves. 1.3 Academic and Managerial concerns pertaining to research The academic concern of my topic is that it is an untapped area with respect to Pakistan. Anyone who wished to further research on this topic can use this thesis. The managerial concern is that it is a key issue in the organizations of Pakistan. They need to find the best possible leader for them to motivate all the employees. It will help them improve efficiency and enhance productivity. Definitions of Variables and Keywords Leader: a person who rules or guides or inspires others. Motivation: Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation) Autocratic Leader: This style states that the leader solves the problem or makes the decision using information available to him or her at that time. In some cases, the leader may consult with subordinates to obtain information, but at no time does subordinate input include decision making. The decision is passed on to subordinates for implementation. Â  (Ralph Nader, 2002) Democratic Leader: The leader shares the problem with subordinate and gets their input. Subordinate involvement is seen as either a collective or individual request for information which may or may not influence the decision. The leader reserves the right to make that decision. (Ralph Nader, 2002) Group Leader: The leader shares the problem with subordinates as a group, obtains their collective input and tries to reach consensus on the solution. The leader acts as a facilitator or chairman, trying not to influence input and accepting and solution that the group may suggest. (Ralph Nader, 2002) Emergent Leader: The leaders who earn leadership position through their expertise, skills, abilities to influence others, or personal acceptability by the group. ( Ralph Nader, 2002) Assigned Leader: The leaders who are given power to exercise influence through appointment. (Ralph Nader, 2002) Extrinsic: A reward, such as food, that is tangible and visible to others, and external (as opposed to an intrinsic reward). Intrinsic: Rewards that are associated with the job itself, such as the opportunity to perform meaningful work, complete cycles of work, see finished products, experience variety, and receive feedback on work results. Transactional Leader: Transactional leaders believe that people are motivated by reward or punishment. These leaders give clear instructions to followers about what their expectations are and when those expectations are fulfilled there are rewards in store for them and failure is severely punished. They allocate work to subordinates whether resources are there or absent. Transformational Leader: Transformational leadership is a leadership approach that is defined as leadership that creates valuable and positive change in the followers. 1.5 Study objectives: The purpose of this research is to shed light on an imperative aspect of organization management that has hitherto not been focused on in the context of firms and organizations in Pakistan. The effect of leadership on employee motivation has a directly proportional impact on the employees productivity, job satisfaction and consequently worker retention. The kind of leadership traits a companys management portrays will determine not only the working environment but even employee turnover rates. Effective leadership as a case in study has been much overlooked in the general practice of organizations in Pakistan. This research looks into how company leaders in Pakistan are mostly appointed not on the basis of qualification, aptitude or skill but rather through inheritance and nepotism. Nepotism in particular is an endemic practice in Pakistan which has pervaded every job sector, be it corporate or even bureaucratic. Assigning leaders based on favoritism and family connections instead of appointing them through set procedural means gives no guarantees that the heads leadership style will be conjunct to the requirements of the assigned sector. Just like a charismatic leader will be wasting his or her talents in a firm that requires minimal intervention by its management, an overbearing leader with a direct involvement in employees work can corrode their motivation merely with the way they direct them. Thus this paper seeks to underscore the importance of studying the correlation between leadership styles and worker motivation, especially in the setting of a country like Pakistan where leadership appointment is more erratic and seeped in nepotism. Leadership of any organization provides the driving force behind the productivity and working environment, all of which have direct bearings on worker behavior and motivation. If this psychology remains untapped and unstudied this has and will increasingly have dire repercussions for companies in Pakistan. Chapter 2 Literature Review This section covers the literature review that has been conducted after thorough analysis of several articled written by other scholars. The main purpose of including the literature review over here was to support the topic with proper referencing from work done by other researchers. This not only enhances the topic but also highlight a few more points related to the topic which have proved beneficial. Martin G Evans, tried to analyze the impact of leaders behavior on the motivation of his subordinates, in his article Leadership and Motivation: A Core Concept, 1970. Martin conducted a research based on the two theories on motivation. The first theory is the Maslows hierarchy of needs and the second is the Path-goal approach to motivation. Martin carried out his research on two organizations; a utility and a hospital. Questions were asked to study the importance of different goals to the employees. The questions also tried to collect information on the effect of high or low productive work on the motivation level of the subordinates. To test the Path-goal theory, questions were asked whether following each of the paths helped them attain their goals. The result supported the two theories. It showed that following high quality and high productive work led to the subordinates goals while low quality and low productive work led away from the subordinate goals. Job security was also see n as a very important factor to drive motivation confirming the hierarchy of needs model. In the end Martin highlights the managerial importance of the research and proposes that to have a strong motivation in the employees, the leader should create a strong relationship between the employees goals and the organizational goals. Arthur G. Jago claims in his research Leadership: Perspectives in Theory and Research, 1982 that despite years of systematic experiential research on the defining traits of leaders that distinguish them from non leaders, scientists of the soft science of behaviorism in organizations have yet to come up with conclusive data and results owing to the multifarious interpretations of the phenomena that does shed light on the role of a leader but leaves the topic of inter organizational relations and connections open to debate. The article discusses several theories and definitions that provide us with the premises used to build on tabulating a set of universal leadership traits and physical factors which is the first of four typologies drawn on the dominating assumptions of prior research in this field and Jago in some ways comments on their redundancy and limited approach owing to their limited set of assumptions. Jago discusses various and conflicting behaviorisms of leadership and the corresponding situations contingent on these traits and hence focus on a set of universally appropriate leadership traits and their reliance on situations to provide its second and third typology. The final typology looks at situationally contingent behavioral styles. Jago examines organizational prescriptions that follow from the typologies he had employed to argue the insufficiency of old methods used in the research of these traits and typologies and discusses and prescribes new and novel research methods in the study of leadership behaviorism. Kirkpatrick and Locke in their research Leadership: Do Traits Matter?, 1991 acknowledge the fact that different situations require different types of leadership, that the topic is so vast and complex that to determine the exact ingredients for the perfect leader would be fool-some. They acknowledge that a leader in a business organization will require a different mix of traits than say a military leader. They furthermore differentiate between skills and traits and back their claims with evidence from actual case studies. Six traits they identify that distinguish leaders from non-leaders are: drive, the desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business. Kirkpatrick and Locke then go on to discuss secondary characteristics that may not be easily backed with evidence nor be required in every situation but are nonetheless indicators of a good leader, these include Charisma, creativity/originality, and flexibility. The authors go on to as sert that apart from the core traits that provide the potential for good leadership, the following factors help them actualize their potential: skills, vision, and implementing the vision. Each factor is discussed in detail and how their effects are implicated at the level of the management and employees. The article finally talks about the grave responsibilities that come with the mantle of leadership and where the rare mix of traits and characteristics does come together to make an effective leader, the credit must be given to the individual. Where Kirkpatrick and Locke consider charisma as secondary and necessary but an insufficient trait for leaders, Shamir, House and Arthur, in The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory, 1993, on the other hand argue that charismatic leadership has profound effects on employee motivation and illustrate this claim with empirical evidence from several studies. After establishing the importance of charismatic leadership the authors point towards a problem in research on leadership and motivation, that is, absence of an account of the process that helps translate charismatic leadership onto its effects on employees. The authors use previous studies to list down a number of effects charismatic/ transformational leadership has on employees. These effects include elevating workers needs to a higher tier on Maslows hierarchy, achieve higher levels of morality, transcend their needs and goals to take the entire team into consideration, etc. By using a self c oncept based theory, Shamir, House and Arthur point at various processes that are set into motion in the context of a powerful and charismatic leadership. Leadership sets the tone for worker performance; by providing employees with a vision the leader makes them espouse his own values and higher goals. The authors point at factors like increasing the intrinsic valence of effort, increasing effort-accomplishment expectancies, instilling faith in a better future, etc to demonstrate the processes that come into play with the introduction of charismatic and transformational leadership in a work space. The authors identify classes of leadership behavior that set the certain processes into motion and discuss other external factors (organizational factors that provide a conducive environment for effective leadership and employee responsiveness). The authors thereby provide a theory that links transformational leadership and employee effects through employee self concepts. The nature of lea dership in question activates certain employee self concepts that hence affect motivational mechanisms. In Leadership and Motivation- The Effective Application of Expectancy Theory, 2001, Robert G. Isaac, Wilfred G. Zerb, Douglas C. Pitt, discuses Vrooms Expectancy Theory and its application in providing a practical tool in helping individuals in leadership roles. The authors trace a direct link between the underlying and explicit assumptions and variables in the expectancy theory and leadership concepts to draw the correlation of leader interactions with employees and motivational working environments. The authors then assert that motivational working environs aid employees in traditional job posts to achieve self actualization and transcend their roles to become leaders in themselves. The article discusses the complex relationships between employees and leaders within an organization and situation based antagonism that exists. It emphasizes distinctions between leaders and managers and stipulates the removal of these distinctions to help overcome the antagonism parameters in the rela tionship completely to increase motivation levels. The article examines several other relationships and linkages between behaviorisms and output in the context of motivation levels in an organization. Finally concluding that boss-worker distinctions should be eliminated and that everyone in an organization should strive to be a leader and influence should be a two way process and this, the authors propose can be achieved using the principles from the Expectancy Theory. Douglas F. Cellar, Stuart Sidle, Keith Goudy, Daniel OBrien in Effects of Leader Style, Leader Sex and Subordinate Personality on Leader Evaluations and Future Subordinate Motivation, 2001 examines the long standing evaluation of gender influences on motivation and employee response. The authors use the agreeability factor, a dichotomous leadership style variation (autocratic vs democratic) and gender differences to conduct a three way study with leadership evaluation, future interest and effort as dependant variables. The hypothesis was that agreeability affects inconsistent gender behavior and this by extension affects employee productivity and output. A self designed questionnaire was used. Subordinate behavior was analyzed with the expectation of leaders adhering to gender stereotypes and results of the study concluded that it was indeed the case. Where leaders deviated from stereotypical expectations disagreeable subordinates reacted and penalized the leaders for the deviation. Agreeable employees however did not. The purpose is basically to show the effect gender stereotypes have on the motivational levels of employees based on their behavioral profiles. According to different studies, transformational leadership has a significant positive impact on the employee satisfaction. Bass (1985) states that transformational leadership would result in followers performing beyond the expected levels of performance as a consequence of the leaders influence. Hatler and Bass (1988) state The dynamics of transformational leadership involve strong personal identification with the leader, joining in a shared vision of the future, or going beyond the self-interest exchange of rewards for compliance (Hatler and Bass, 1988, p.695). Nurdan Ozaralli tried to investigate the effect of transformational leadership in his research Effects of transformational leadership on empowerment and team effectiveness, 2002. The data for the research was collected from a sample of 152 people in different sectors in Turkey. Snowball technique was used for data collection and to measure transformational leadership, Bass and Avolios multifactor leadership questionnaire (ML Q) was used. The results showed that a transformational behavior of leaders has a positive relation with subordinate empowerment and with team effectiveness. Subordinates who worked under transformation leadership were more group oriented and had a higher level of performance. Creativity is higher when the subordinates work under a transformational leader as they are more empowered. In the end Nurdan suggests that there is a very significant effect of team empowerment on employee performance so the managers should identify the teams with low empowerment and should try to raise their level of empowerment. Nader in Leadership and Motivation, 2002 discusses two important determinants of individual performance in organizations: the type of leadership in that organization and personal motivation of employees in an organization. He draws on theories in general; data collected from empirical research on the subject to and the premises of people being the same as each other and yet being different to collate his findings and providing some general theories and analysis that determine behavior and leadership traits. Nader provides comprehensive definitions and analysis of the concept of motivation and discusses it in the context on theories like Maslows hierarchy of needs, McClellands theory of needs etc; ending his study of motivation by discussing motivational goals and categories these fall into. He then continues with a discussion of leadership theories, factors and leadership styles; and concludes with a list of leadership qualities that according to him help determine roles people can b e assigned to, based on their profiles. After the exposure of a few business scandals and the unveiling of irresponsible leaders, Nicola M. Pless in her research Understanding Responsible Leadership: Role Identity and Motivational Drivers, 2007 tries to find the prototypes of a responsible leader. The author does this by analyzing the biography of Anita Roddick; a responsible leader. The key learnings from the biography were that a responsible leader is driven by a values based vision of the future. Other findings include that a responsible leader make fundamental decisions with a long term effect on people, environment and future of the organization. A responsible leader should act as an active citizen. The leader should have ethics and desire to serve others. They should be close to the stakeholders and maintain good relations with them. A responsible leader is developed over time; they have values rooted in them that are reinforced and further developed by life experience. Another very important prerequisite to become a leader are ability and willingness to learn. Abass, Qaisar and Sara Yaqoob in Effect of Leadership Development On Employee Performance In Pakistan, 2009 carried out a research to prove whether or not leadership skills and traits have an effect on employee performance in Pakistan. Leadership theories have been an integral part of the field of business/management research since the proliferation of trait theories. Geert Hofstede in his article Motivation Leadership and Organization- Do American Theories Apply Abroad underscores the importance and reality of cultural conditioning and how it provides employees and leaders cultural lenses to view the world from. Abass and Yaqoob build on the theory of cultural conditioning to study how much of an impact leadership variables have on employee performance in the context of Pakistan. The factors of leadership they examine include: coaching, training and development, empowerment, participation and delegation. The purpose was to find a correlation between leadership development and worker performance, using an exploratory style research which would help determine what percentage of employee performance is directly influenced by the organization leader. Their findings show a staggering 50% positive correlation, with the remaining 50% being influenced by attitude, commitment, motivational factors, and trust in the organization, and other factors such as compensation, reward and bonuses etc. According to their finding for example training and development as part of leadership development had the greatest impact among all the variables of leadership. Thus this article delves into leadership research with fixed well defined leadership variables in the context of Pakistan. Chapter 3 Methodology Analytical Choices This section will cover the methodology for my research. It will deal with the methods used to analyze the research and the sample size considered for the research. The tools and techniques used to process the data will also be included in this section. Theoretical framework will also be included followed by the Hypothesis and expected findings. 3.1 Research type There have been numerous researches conducted on the effect of leadership on employee motivation but they are not applicable in Pakistan due to cultural differences. Therefore my research will be primary in nature and will be based on the data obtained through questionnaires. The research will also be applied in nature and will have managerial as well as scholarly applications. The sector that will be focused in the research will be the MNCs operating in Pakistan. 3.2 Population As my research is focused on the MNCs, my population will include all the Multinational Corporations operating in Pakistan. 3.3 Sample Size Due to budget and time constraints, the research will not be able to include the whole population. This research will focus on two MNCs; Packages and Tetrapack. These were chosen by using random probability sampling technique. Approximately 100 questionnaires will be floated in both the MNCs. There will be two questionnaires; one for the leaders of the MNC that will measure the independent variables like leadership style, leaders motivation, etc and the other questionnaire will be for the employees which will measure the independent variable that is the Employees Motivation. 3.4 Sample Time The time period considered in this research is from March 2011 to April 2011. 3.5 Hypothesis H0: Â  To test the hypothesis that leadership style has an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leadership style has a significant effect on employee motivation. H0:Â   To test the hypothesis that leader gender has an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leader gender has a significant effect on employee motivation. H0: To test the hypothesis that leader motivation has an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leaders motivation has a significant effect on employee motivation. H0: To test the hypothesis that leader skills have an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leader skills has a significant effect on employee motivation. 3.6 Theoretical Framework Leader Gender (Douglas F Cellar, 2001) Male -Female Leader Skills (Ralph Nader, 2002) Self Confidence -Charisma -Dominance -Administrative -Ability -Intelligence Leader Motivation (Ralph Nader, 2002) High motivation to lead -Moderate motivation to lead -Low motivation to lead Employee Motivation Leader Style (Douglas F Cellar, 2001) Directive -Democratic Theoretical framework shows the relationship of different independent variables with the dependent variable. In this case the major variables under discussion are Leader Gender, Leader Style, Leader Quality and Leader Behavior. All the independent variables considered in the theoretical framework are linked to motivation and have been studied on by different scholars. All of the variables have been identified in different articles for the literature review. Leader Style plays a vital role in the motivation of employees as does all the other variables that he been considered in the research. 3.7 Data analysis tools and techniques The data will be collected by floating questionnaires. The questionnaires used for this research have been used by previous scholars which ensure the authenticity of the questionnaires. Two questionnaires are designed for my research. The first questionnaire will be for the leaders of the organization and will measure the independent variables like Leadership Style, Leader Skills, Leader Motivation and Leader Gender. The other questionnaire will be for the employees of the organization and will be used to measure the dependent variable which is Employee Motivation. Data will be collected from 10 employees per leader and average will be taken to evaluate the overall motivation of the employees. The data collected through the questionnaires is then coded and standardized. To test the significance and relationship between the different variables, multi variable linear regression will be used. 3.5 Expected Nature of Findings It is expected that leadership does have an effect on employee motivation. Leadership Style, Leaders Motivation and Leaders Skills are expected to have a significant relationship with employee motivation whereas the effect of Leaders Gender on employee motivation is unknown. Chapter 4 Estimation, Analysis and Conclusion 4.1 Profile of Respondents The Questionnaire was filled by 10 leaders and 7 (70%) were male wheras 3 (30%) were female leaders.4 (40%) of the leaders were highly motivated, 2 (20%) were moderately motivated and 4 (40%) lacked motivation according to the questionnaire. Similarly 2 (20%) leaders had high leadership skills, 5 (50%) had moderate leadership skills and 3 (30%) were lacking leadership skills. 6 (60%) leaders had a democratic leadership style wheras 4 (40%) had autocratic leadership. The leaders age varied from 39 years to 48 years. The average age of the leaders was 42 years. The major reason for this is because mostly you get to a leading posirtion in an organization after your 40s when u r mature. All the leaders chosen has 10 plus years of experience in their desired field and were working in the same firm for atleast 2 years so that the employees motivation could reflect their leadership and not the leadership of the previous leader. The Questionnaire was filled by 100 employees. The age of the employees varied from 25 years to 32 years. The average age of the employees was 28 years.5 (50%) of the firms had highly motivated employees, 2 (20%) had moderately motivated employees and 3 (30%) had low motivated employees. Estimated results Multiple regression was used with employee motivation as the dependent variable and Leadership Style, Leaders Motivation, Leader Gender and Leaders skills as the independent variable. The estimated results are given in the Appendix A. Analysis of findings In the leadership style column, 1 was used to represent democratic style of leadership wheras 2 was used to represent autocratic style of leadership. In the Leader Gender column, 1 was used to represent male leaders wheras 2 was used to represent female leaders. In the Leaders Skills column, 1 was used to represent high skills, 2 was u

similarities and differences in ancient civilizations :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient civilizations have a lot of similarities and differences. The two civilizations are the Aryans and the Shang. The Aryans ruled over India from 1500 B.C. to 1000B.C. The Shang ruled over china from 1750 B.C. to 1122 B.C. The Aryans and Shang had similarities and differences in writing, religion, and Technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many similarities and differences in writing in the Aryans and Shang dynasties. The Aryans used Sanskrit as their method of writing. The Shang used a method of making symbols for almost every word and the symbols would look like what the word meant. The Shang later used calligraphy. Modern Chinese is still related to the ancient character system, which had no alphabet and still doesn’t.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many similarities and differences in religion in the Aryan and Shang dynasties. The Aryans and Shang both had polytheistic beliefs. The Shang mainly worshiped a god called Shang Ti, which meant lord on high. He was the god who ruled over all other nature gods. The Aryans also believed that there was one god who created everything referred to in an important hymn. Both dynasties made sacrifices to their gods. These sacrifices were very important to their religions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many similarities and differences in technology in the Aryan and Shang dynasties. Both the Shang and Aryans had a lot of farmers. Farming was a very important part of their lives. They both used methods of irrigation. They used farming to their advantage by using what comes natural to their area and trading with other areas. The Shang discovered many metals such as tin and bronze and you can see that they used these very much in their art pieces.

Ap European History Frq: Karl Marx vs. Adam Smith

â€Å"Adam Smith’s enormous authority resides, in the end, in the same property that we discover in Marx: not in any ideology, but in an effort to see the bottom of things. In both cases their greatness rests on an unflinching confrontation with the human condition as they could best make out. † Assess the above quote. What ideas did both men draw upon in order to formulate their ideas? What were their conclusions? Why were their conclusions so different? To what extent were they correct? Adam Smith and Karl Marx were considered to be amongst the best or if not the best economic theorists the world has ever seen.Despite seeming to be polar opposites, both Smith and Marx are fundamentally similar. Both are looking to see what makes the entire system run, and what the basis of economy truly is. They both have their flaws, yet they were both correct. Their idea was to formulate something that would run the basis of economy. Both have different ideas, both have different ag endas. Marx and Smith had different thoughts and drawing different conclusion on how things should be run, and yet to a certain extent both of them are correct. Both men drew their ideas upon very different sources.Adam Smith was a child of the Enlightenment; therefore he must’ve drawn some Enlightenment ideas. In 1751 Adam Smith met Scottish philosopher David Hume, who was a major Enlightenment thinker. It is safe to assume that Smith learned many things from Hume, who was ten years his senior. Some also argued that Smith came up with the idea to write â€Å"Wealth of Nations† on his own, with little or no influence of others. Marx, on the other hand, was greatly influenced by the ideas of others. Georg Hegel's dialectics inspired Marx greatly.Generally, the idea was that conflict between two opposing forces would produce a synthesis which was generally more acceptable to both sides. Hegel saw this phenomenon in nature and everywhere, and it was the basis of class con flict in Marx's writings. Conflict would ultimately lead to synthesis, in which mankind would progress. In a way Marx was also inspired by Smith himself, and possibly also by early socialists such as Saint-Simon. Not only were their ideologies differ, each drew different conclusions from their theorems too.In his book â€Å"Wealth of Nations† Smith proposed that a nation’s wealth should be judged by its gold and silver supply but by the total of its production and commerce (today more commonly known as GDP). He also explored the idea of division of labor, through which specialization would lead to an increase in quality for manufactured goods. Marx would argue that communism offered the best model both politically and economically with its collectivist ownership, production, and central planning, which are intended to distribute wealth equally amongst the populace and eliminate the distinctions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat altogether.He reasoned that wor kers would be exploited by capitalists (or bourgeoisie), for the capitalist system basically means that the rich would get richer and the poor would get poorer. Furthermore, the bourgeoisie is always in a better position to negotiate a low wage for the proletariats. One of his theories, the labor theory of value, claims that the value of a good or service is directly connected to the amount of labor required for its production. So, in effect the two theories and conclusion were very different. The very difference in ideology is what set the two apart.While Adam Smith contended that the most ideal economic system is capitalism, Marx believed that capitalism leads to greed and inequality. Karl Marx is more of a revolutionary; Adam Smith was more to reforms rather than a full-scale revolution, as he valued order and stability more rather than freedom from oppression. Karl Marx saw class struggle, while Adam Smith saw special interests that were often at odds with the general public int erest. Also, Smith did not put the spotlight on the land holdings or the riches of the aristocracy like Marx did.They also differed on the method of production of goods and services and distribution of resources. While Adam Smith’s envisioned ideal society would not distribute resources equitably or eliminate gaping wealth levels between the different classes in a society, Marx’s ideal economy would produce, according to the directives from a central authority, and distribute resources according to the needs of the public. However, despite the disagreements, both Smith and Marx were correct to a certain extent. In a wider perspective, they both wanted a prosperous nation of wealth.They both also agreed that the workers (proletariats) were crucial for the production of goods. Both of them also recognized that there is a conflict, or at least a wide division, between the working and upper class. Adam Smith also realized that there are basic social classes: land-owners, w age earners, and capitalists. Marx, to a certain extent, also accepted the condition where there are different classes, albeit trying to change the situation. Overall, both of them proposed ideas to change the economy to fit their liking, despite both economists going in a completely different direction altogether.