Federal Government of the United States Essay

Introduction In the American political system Federalism is a basic Structural feature that has mostly generated a great deal of conflict throughout political history America. It involves the governments multiple layers with shared powers amongst them and the unique powers to varieties of the levels of the government (Wood Gordon, 1995). The most three important levels of American federalism are the federal or national government, the states, and the local governments (cities, counties, townships). In the world most of the political systems are unitary systems, but in the system of American it is system of divided government (Wood Gordon, 1995). In the history American Federalism it has evolved over the course. In the time at different points, the boundaries and balance between the state and national government have changed substantially. In the recent time, the main role of the national government dramatically expanded, and it always to expand in the twenty-first century. Provide three (3) examples of how federalism has evolved from its origins to the American political system in place today. In the American political system three examples of federalism that has evolved from its origins are federalism, unitary, and confederate. Federalism almost is a way of nations organizing so that two or more government levels will have formal authority over the people and same area.  In the Unitary system all the power resides in the central government in which most of the governments are today and confederate, most of the power is in the hands of it components and the national government is weak (Wood Gordon, 1995). Over the two centuries the federal system has changed and it’s why the American federalism system is at the center of important battles over the policy (John E. Finn, 2007). Mostly Federalism decentralizes our policies and politics. The powers of overlapping between the two levels government demonstrate the tension with national and states government over who should control the policy and power. Most of the American states are also policy innovators being responsible for new ideas, many reforms, and new policies that are why we stand by till today (John E. Finn, 2007). Examine three to five (3-5) factors that have allowed the concept of federalism to shape American political behavior. In federalism the political system respect to bureaucracy, based upon promoted enculturation of honor, democracy in government within the citizens, the political leaders, and the American society. By the awareness of the people the process increased and regularized by the liberty and civil rights. American citizens seek free will from the governments and Constitutional security of justice. In the American federal system the political parties free to have support conflicting political agenda, free will to voice out, ideas, and ideologies. While the liberals go with the democrats the group of conservative support the Republicans. The Democrats and Republicans represent the main political parties of American along with minor independent parties. The American governments cultivate federalism, by demanding of reforms the citizens of America also contribute in shaping up political changes. Although legislators look upon amendment of Constitution and creation of laws, the citizens have their voices heard and participate. In the whole time, the voting attitude of Americans demonstrated changes. For example, Solid South in the part of Southern states used to be solid supports of Democrats but it was politically divided over time (Maier, Pauline, 2010).In the maintain of consistency the Constitution of US obligate the state and federal governments. With the ruling of democratic, the American federal government also allows amendments of the Constitution as called by the political changes and condition. In the system of US  Constitution the State governments have powers to create and maintain policies but the federal government oversees any policy to ensure agreement. Some time the power conflicts of authority become foreseeable due to nationwide applicability of the Constitution of US. (Maier, Pauline, 2010). Discuss at least two (2) factors that illustrate how the relationship between the states and the U.S. federal government influences the creation of American policies overall. In making of policies of America, constitution amendments through popular vote of the people or state governments may seek ratification of the policy. Through congress the federal government may conclude if votes of American states will be needed on proposed amendments. Like the groups of special interest, state legislatures can also lobby the federal legislatures (Maier, Pauline, 2010). Federalism reflected in state judiciary systems and also reflected in national judiciary system. For example, the laws of state enforce driving safety and speed rules in conformity to policies of federal government to ensure not to lose the highway federal budget privileges (Maier, Pauline, 2010). The power of the State government are mainly geared on the dealings and working of the state but on the other side the power of federal government are mainly after the dealings of the nation in general so that that it may cover some states affairs. In the system of Constitution of US, the State governments have their own constitution but also it abide and obliged with the Constitution of US. Under the valuable concept of federalism system the state and federal governments work hand in hand for the USA (Maier, Pauline, 2010). References: 1. Wood, Gordon, (1995). The Republic of America, 1775-1786. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2. John E. Finn (2007). â€Å"Bill of Rights and Civil Liberties Part II: Lecture 5: The Constitutional and Court Interpretation†. The Teaching Company. pp. 51–60 3. Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification : the Constitutional debate by the people 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 977-0-654-88844-76 p.22.

Feasibility study of laundry shop Essay

A. Background of the study Before the advent of the washing machine, apart from watercourses, laundry shop was also done in communal or public washhouses, water was channeled from a river or spring and fed into a building or outbuilding built specifically for laundry purposes and often containing two basins – one for washing and other for rinsing – through which the water was constantly flowing, as well as a stone lip inclined towards the water against which the washers could beat the clothes. Such facilities were much more comfortable than washing in a watercourse because the launderers could work standing-up instead of on their knees, and were protected from inclement weather by walls and a roof. Also, they didn’t have to go far, as the facilities were usually at hand in the village or at  the edge of town. These facilities were public and available to all families, and usually used by the entire village. The laundry job was reserved for women, who washed all their family’s laundry or the laundry of others as a paid job. Clothes washer technologies develop as a way to reduce the manual labor spent, providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to automatically agitate the clothing. The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed from wood, while later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, keeping the water warm throughout the day’s washing. Koronadal city is also known as a †MARBEL†, a third class City in Philippines and Capital town of South Cotabato and Regional center of Region Xll, the word Koronadal has been derived from two B’laan words-â€Å"Koron or Kolon† meaning cogon grass and â€Å"Nadal or Datal† which means the place to the natives. The other name of Marbel is a B’laan term â€Å"MARB-EL† means â€Å"MURKY WATER† referring to a river and now called Marbel River. B. Rationale of the study A laundry shop is intended for the residents of Koronadal City and it’s nearby Municipalities. It significantly act as a helper for the people who does not have enough time to do the laundry, it’s basically to help the residents lessen their work loud and ensure that their clothes are clean. In that case, a laundry shop is the answer to the need for clean clothes in less time, less cost and less effort. C. Objectives of the study The study aims to determine the feasibility of establishing a laundry shop in Koronadal City. Specifically it such to understand the following question. 1. Describe the profile of laundry shop business in Koronadal City. 2. Discuss the feasibility of the purposed study of the following aspects: a.  Organizational b. Operational or technical c. Marketing d. Financial 3. Present the findings of the purposed study of the following aspects: a. Organizational b. Operational or technical c. Marketing d. Financial D. Scope of the study This study focuses only on laundry. E. Significance of the study This study aims to provide information data of establishing laundry shop in Koronadal City. What ware the essential aspect involve in this business to make this business profitable, give satisfaction for the customers and help the economy of the nation. F. Definition of terms Laundry -is the washing of clothing and linens. -the material that is being washed, or has been laundered. Laundry shop -a place where clothes are washed and iron Washing machine -is a machine to wash laundry, such as clothing & sheets. CHAPTER II Review Related Literature CHAPTER III Methodology This study will present based on the procedure of the research study which starts in the research design, target population and sampling procedure, data gathering procedure and data processing analysis. A. Research Design In order to gather the necessary information/fact, the researchers of this study used the descriptive method to be able to know the different requirements regarding the viability and desirability in terms of organizational, operational or technical, marketing and financial aspects of the business. To gather more information and fact about this study, the researchers approached the various owners/managers of existing of the laundry shop. The study focuses within the locality of Koronadal City. The researchers conduct interviews and observation to come up to the reliable information and facts.

Breast Cancer And Ovarian Cancer

Breast cancer begins as a group of cancer cells that invade tissues in the breast . When new cells form when they are not needed from the body or don 't die when they are supposed to, a build up of cells creates a mass of tissue called a tumor or lump. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that forms in the tissues of the breast. Mostly in women but can also occur in men. Statistics show that 1 in 8 women in America will have invasive breast cancer in her lifetime and it is estimated that†¦ Breast Cancer My paternal grandmother has batteld cancer three times. She was diagnosed with breast cancer first and then six years later with ovarian cancer. Both times, she had to have radiation to cure her from the cancer. After four years of being in remission, the cancer came back. This time it was on a viscous rampage. My grandmother had to receive a month of intense chemotherapy and two critical surgeries to remove the tumors that were invading her body. Seeing her go through all of this†¦ Cancer is a disease that is caused by abnormal cells in a part of someone’s body. Anyone can be diagnosed with cancer, it is not something that only affects certain people. Sometimes the cancer can be hereditary meaning that a family member has had the same type of cancer in the past. However, one of the most common cancers for women is breast cancer. Breast cancer is a cancer that is well known since there is a month that is dedicated to bring awareness to breast cancer but not many people realize†¦ Breast cancer is one of the leading cancers that affect a myriad of people in today’s society. â€Å"About 1 in 8 U.S. women (about 12%) will develop breast cancer over the course of her lifetime.† (Breast Cancer, 2016). Some people diagnosed with this type of cancer could have the opportunity to detect it early on due to screenings or self-evaluations. However despite early detection, it does not guarantee that the cancer can be treated in its entirety. Different stage levels decide the degree in which†¦ After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. It can occur in both men and women, but it is extremely more common in women. â€Å"Each year there are about 2,300 new cases of breast cancer in men and about 230,000 new cases in women† (National Cancer Institution, 2016). Breast cancer survival rates have increased, which is largely due to earlier detection, a new personalized treatment†¦ Cancer refers to several diseases that the involve uncontrolled growth of mutated cells in the body. Normally, cells grow and divide based on signals and the body’s needs, and new cells replace old or damaged cells. However, cancer is able to develop when cell signaling is interrupted. The old cells stop dying and instead form new abnormal cells, possibly resulting in a tumor. Cancerous cells are malignant, which means they can invade nearby tissue, and can potentially metastasize and spread to various†¦ Introduction Breast cancer is the abnormal growing of cells within the breast tissues. It has been identified to be number two killer of all cancer demises among women. The first common sign that can lead to cancer diagnosis is the presence of a breast lump. Breast cancer is more common in women than men are, but they also need to realize that they can also be diagnosed with breast cancer. Fibro adenoma has been identified as the most prevalent form of benign breast tumor, while Invasive Ductal†¦ Krystal Headen Professor Kaitlin Sidorsky Poli 201 1 December 2015 BLOC Cancer The breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and colon cancer (BLOC) interest group was formed in September 2012 as an effective organization. It began when the founder, Krystal Headen was unfortunately informed that some of her friends and family members had been diagnosed with (remove either) breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, or the Kahler’s disease. Krystal spent several months building a group†¦ mother had found in her breast. â€Å"I told her, ‘Maybe it is that Froot Loop I gave you earlier,’† Sands remembered. â€Å"She laughed and said, ‘I hope so!’† That day was the beginning of Sands’ journey with cancer. Five years later, her mother died of breast cancer at the age of 43, when Sands was 9 years old. A few years after that, Sands’ aunt was diagnosed with breast cancer. She went into remission but later died of ovarian cancer. Then a cousin was diagnosed with breast cancer at 34. Two years ago,†¦ of different cancers that people tend to hear of. Cancer is abnormal cells that grow out of control and invade a healthy person’s body. When these cells do not grow normally things can go wrong. When cancer occurs it is because the cells divide more than they should and begin to form masses also known as tumors. According to the National Breast Cancer Foundation, the most common type of cancer is breast cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death in woman. Breast cancer is when the malignant†¦

Caring for our elders longer at home Research Paper

Caring for our elders longer at home - Research Paper Example In the 21st century, where every person is living a busy life schedule, caring for elders has come out as a responsible job to manage. The responsibility is brought onto the care agencies, which try to bring effective and professional care for elders present at home. There are different challenges, which care agencies face during organizing care for elders. The most prominent challenge for them is the multi-culture, which discriminates race, social class, culture and ethnicity of the elders during the service (Watson, 2011). This paper understanding the problems of care providers is analyzing the case of an agency, which provides home-based care service to elders. The objective here is to understand the ideology of the company (the elder caring agency), its vision and mission to serve elders of society. The aim here is to understand and evaluate the status of the company in terms of the models and frameworks of elder care presented in the literature. There are several agencies in Georgia State, which are situated to provide effective care to elders at home. Georgia Living At Home (GLAH) is one of those successful agencies, which provide all types of non-medical care services to elders. The agency is successful in giving full companionship and support to elders present at homes. The services of GLAH include meal preparation, transportation, medication reminders, and full care assistance to elders. The agency provides in home services to seniors, which is for comfort and ease of the elders. GLAH looks up onto fully cooperate with the clients’ families and their decisions. The agency cooperates and guides families to bring care they desired for their elders. This is how GLAH keeps a distinctive position and respect in the Georgia elders’ community (Haeg, 2013). Jean Watson (a famous American Nursing Professor) first proposed the theory of human caring. This theory states that caring process involves different obligatory and moral

Russian History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Russian History - Essay Example That society is ripe for change-one might say it has suffered enough. Any delay in pursuing Perestroika could lead in the very near future to a deterioration in the situation in Russia." (Gorbachev, in a public address in 1987, as quoted in Hylarides, 2008, p.379) These words of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev underlined the pressing need for reform in the Russia of 1980s. Gorbachev is one of the most influential leaders of Soviet Russia during the Cold War era. Both his personal qualities and political policies endeared him to the Western leadership during the final years of the Cold War. The key operative words during his reformative regime were perestroika, glasnost and demokratizatsiya. Perestroika was intended to bring sweeping changes to the economy, â€Å"including efforts to stamp out corruption at the management level, more stringent labor discipline, a greater role for the market and more consumer goods. The grandiose goal was the doubling of output by the year 2000, with th e emphasis moved from the quantity to the quality and diversity of goods. Humanizing the political system and delivering higher living standards were key objectives.† (Morewood, 1998, p.33) Ideal and noble as these guiding principles were, they also contributed to the weakening of Soviet state fabric and its eventual collapse. The rest of this essay is an elaboration on these vibrant yet controversial reform initiatives and evaluate whether these remedies proved counter-productive and ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. When Gorbachev came to power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1985, the economy of USSR was dysfunctional and unproductive. So it was expected of the new leader to resurrect the economy by way of meaningful reforms, thereby retaining the Cold War equilibrium. At the time, living standards in Russia was plummeting, war in Afghanistan was draining the country’s resources and his counterpart Ronald Re agan’s posturing was aggressive and hawkish. Reforms were a dire necessity at this stage – a view expressed even by Gorbachev’s predecessor Yuri Andropov. (Hylarides, 2008, p.378) Despite reform initiatives eventually backfiring, the system was badly in need of change, as the economic growth had settled at near-zero, corruption at high-office was rampant, the parallel black economy creating havoc to economic planning and productivity of workers declining sharply. Further, â€Å"the neglected services sector contributed to a shortage of consumer goods and falling living standards, the social infrastructure was decaying and technological backwardness widened the performance gap with the West†. (Morewood, 1998, p.33) Beyond Soviet Russia, the Soviet bloc as a whole suffered from these problems to varying degrees. The reforms were thus designed to overcome or ease some of these obstacles through â€Å"guided political decentralization and openness, with an e xpectation that central political executive policymaking prerogatives would be reinforced.† (Willerton, et.al, 2005, p.219) Perestroika, in particular, was based on four key objectives: â€Å"1. creating a new superpower structure that would stand above the communist party apparatus, 2. establishing order in the country by harnessing the masses and compelling them to cooperate with the leadership, 3. overcoming economic difficulties, and 4. modernizing Soviet industry, especially its military

Walmart case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Walmart - Case Study Example This together with the ‘open door policy’ states that management needed to consider the â€Å"associates† views in the decision making process. Walton was against worker unionization and he argues that it would lead to establishment of restrictive work regulations and dramatic pay hikes. Furthermore, he came up with the â€Å"sun down rule† which encouraged workers to complete their tasks on time (Hill and Jones, 2009). His policies were based on getting workers to perform to their level best while paying the insufficient salaries. However, they would be rewarded in stock ownership plans and profit sharing schemes. This strategy has worked for years nonetheless; it has been facing issues in the recent times. Issues Facing This Strategy This strategy has led the company to great heights and sustained its exemplary financial performance over the years. Over the recent past, there have been various issues emerging from the application of this strategy (Anthony , Kacmar and Perrewe, 2002). Wal-Mart is the private entity with the highest number of â€Å"associates† world over. This has created numerous problems with regards to human resource management. In the past, the company has been relying on the strategy of encouraging the employees to work hard with the promise of getting a promotion or incentives through stock ownership and profit sharing. This strategy has been regarded as being highly unfair as workers are exploited to work for long hours and they are not duly compensated for their contribution. Furthermore, it has been observed that the company rarely fulfills its promise of sharing its employees through profit sharing. The company has been faced by several law suits over pressuring their employees to work for long hours without paying them overtime wages. Moreover, the company has been under attack for paying its employees peanuts and pressuring them to work too hard (Heskett, 2011). This has resulting to increasing dissa tisfaction among the workforce and can be attributed to the decline in the company’s performance in the recent past. This policy is aimed at increasing the company’s productivity while totally ignoring the â€Å"associates† plight and contribution towards the company’s success. In most competitive firms, worker remuneration is based on output and this should be the case for the giant retailer. Labor unions have attempted to intervene but to no avail. The company’s â€Å"associates† are continually oppressed as its reputation and financial glory go down the drain. Labor unions have made concerted efforts to unionize the employees over the years but they have fallen on deaf ears. Wal-Mart has been noted to be one of the few companies that have strongly opposed against unionization of the â€Å"associates†. The company management argues that labor unions champion for increased salaries and impose strict working regulations (Heskett, 2011 ). This move is regarded to be highly capitalistic and aims at maximizing the company’s profits at the workers’ expense. This has created negative publicity concerning the company and if no immediate action is taken, it could have further detrimental effects on its profitability. In addition to, the company has

The Effects of Teacher Morale on Student Learning and Performance Research Paper

The Effects of Teacher Morale on Student Learning and Performance - Research Paper Example There are many reasons that can direct effects on morale of the teacher. For example, if the school management does not involve teachers in their decision making process, increased duties, limited assistance and the low salaries paid to highly educated teachers (Houchard, 2005). Moreover, the public criticism and ignorance by the students due to the parents support may also affect the morale of a teacher directly. Due to that, many of the teachers left this profession and even I am seriously considering leaving this profession due to the low morale. On the other hand, I have to complete the session with my students at school. While, I could easily provide meaningful learning to my students, but the low morale is affecting willingness, because of the school administration. In the studies by one source, morale is defined as it is the feeling of a worker that is based on the job and feeling about the job (Rowland, 2008). That feeling can be a mental attitude and emotional attitude. Likewise, teachers’ morale is also based on their feeling about their jobs and duties, which are most important to build the future of a student (Whitaker, Whitaker, & Lumpa, 2013). Since, I am a victim of low morale in the teaching career therefore, this action report aimed to seek out the empirical evidence on the relationship between teacher’s morale and its effects on the student’s performance, learning and achievements. During the past 15 years and so, the teacher’s education research helped in significant strides while studying the relationship between teacher’s morale, practices, beliefs impacts and student’s achievements. The significance of the teacher’s morale can be established through the performance and learning of the students; the benefits can easily figure out by the achievement levels of students. In the literature, there are many research studies conducted by many scholars of educational

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics Paper - Essay Example While some may regard this as a victory, there are three reasons why ethics does not support the law in the instance in which this nine year old child is returned to her parents after so many years, and there are two schools of ethics, Ends Based and Care based that one might use to solve such a dilemma. The first reason why ethics does not support the law in this particular situation is that problems with attachment can develop if a child is suddenly uprooted from a family that she regards as her own and is placed with people she is unfamiliar with, even if they are her biological parents. This girl has been with her foster parents all of these years, has formed a bond with them, and they have played a major role in her social and emotional development. Now, she is uprooted, and she must go to people she has never met in her entire life to pick up where she left off. Research shows that it is quite traumatic to a child to be uprooted from a comforting environment, where attachments are formed, to be placed in one that is completely unfamiliar. For instance a journal article titled "Expressed emotions, early caregiver-child interaction, and disorders" talks about the importance of attachment and how it is the framework of the child's development.

You are hired as a consultant by Alpha Omega Technical Industries ( Case Study

You are hired as a consultant by Alpha Omega Technical Industries ( TechInd) - Case Study Example The company, ΑÎ ©Ã‚  TechInd, has been enjoying huge vertical growth over the past six months, and this paper provides a network solution for satisfying these demands. First, ΑÎ ©Ã‚  TechInd must recognize, as well as understand, its vertical market segments as spread out in such cities as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Frankfurt, Dubai, and Shanghai in addition to its Los Angeles headquarters. This will assist in targeting a specific clientele base where the company has sufficient expertize or experience. Operations in the channel of a vertical market require an understanding of that sector. ΑÎ ©Ã‚  TechInd has to understand the diverse trends, compliance and regulatory challenges, competitive tendencies, terminology, as well as other core business milieu attributes. Precisely, specializing in vertical market growth will assist ΑÎ ©Ã‚  TechInd in understanding its market and commodities, bringing additional insight towards its customers, as well as becoming an essential ingredient of its business operations. Existence of viable and logical divisions of data storage and search to enhance splitting of data remains a central idea of this system. Such a logical division could play an integral role in avoiding duplication of files on the server as staff members are left with the option of guessing where they should put their information. This paper supports the idea of saving on space via acquisition of several servers to be coordinated from the head office in order to avoid running out of space. Such servers could offer an effective platform for file sharing across the organizational spread. This would prevent staff members from storing their work information on their personal machines or lacking trust in the file server (Cyber Security, 2007). Importantly, any database can become unfeasible due to software or hardware failure, or both. Furthermore, it

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Essay Example Their movement is by hopping making them the largest animals to use such a locomotive mode. For them to hop properly they have long hide legs that make long jumps. At times they use their tails and the fore limbs to do crawl walking. They can reach a top speed of 70 kilometres per hour and when using moderate speed of e.g. 40 km/hr, they can go up to 2 kilometres (Judith 8 – 22). These animals have a pouch that they use in carrying their young ones for a period of about nine months. Kangaroos are of different types and they live in different habitats. There are the eastern gray ones that live in the east of Australia. They are particularly the heaviest and are mostly seen at night more than they are during the day. There is the red type that is found in almost all parts of Australia making it the most widely known. The other type is the ones in the west of Australia that are also gray (Knox 42 – 100). They are however smaller than their eastern counterparts and they are notably loud, slim and have males that have a distinct odour. They are therefore unique animals that need to be well taken care of especially their habitats. Civil rights in the USA and especially rights in reference to black people were the major centres of concern for Martin Luther King, Jr. (Kirk 2005). He is known to have championed the rights and freedom of the black people in the United States. he started his education in Georgia and after high school he went ahead to attain a Bachelor of Arts degree from a college where his father and grandfather also went through; Morehouse College in 1948. Luther later went to study theology for three years and later went to Boston University for a doctorate which saw him awarded a degree in 1955. Luther by 1955 had become a top official of the NAACP; an association that had been formed to champion the rights and freedoms of coloured people. He played a key role in the bus boycott that went for 382 days and that saw the segregation rule

Caravaggio’s Religious Imagery Essay Example for Free

Caravaggio’s Religious Imagery Essay The topic to be examined involves the iconological study of selected religious works by Italian artist Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. The term iconological refers to the study of visual imagery and its symbolism and interpretation, especially in social or political terms. The primary purpose of this research paper is to study the symbolism of Caravaggio’s paintings and their impact on society in a historical sense through present day. A secondary purpose is to determine the extent to which, if any, that his art has influenced politics and religion dating back to the late sixteenth century. There are three facets of the research problem: (1) the impact of the new Baroque style of painting that Caravaggio defined; (2) the influence that his religious works had on the church, politics, and society; and (3) the iconological study of Caravaggio. The study is significant for two reasons. First, since art and culture have major influence on society and history, it is important to recognize Caravaggio for his role in averting the threat of Protestantism by replacing the ruling Mannerism period of European painting with his radical naturalistic approach to chiaroscuro. The term chiaroscuro refers to a painting technique that involves an intricate use of shadow and light. Second, the study will address the implications for art and religion in society in relation to the issue of barriers and obstacles that have been faced and whether they have been truly overcome. Hypotheses Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio profoundly changed the art world, bringing about definitiveness to Baroque and eliminating Mannerism. Caravaggio’s authentic religious works that filled the Counter-Reformation Church helped to form specific religions based on imagery. The symbolism and interpretation of Caravaggio’s religious pieces was that they were radically natural, combining theatre and drama with close physical observations. In proving the above hypotheses to be true through utilization of the following methodology, the impact of Caravaggio on religion and society will be obvious. It is also necessary to take other scholars who have come before him into consideration in order to detail exactly what impact his works have made. Although he was somewhat ignored after a short period of fame in the seventeenth century, until the twentieth century, he is to be formally credited with the evolution of art from Mannerism to the new Baroque. There has been an overall positive impact on art and religion because of his development. Methodology The research will use a non-experimental design. The data collection method will be a combination of observation, interviews, and the use of preexisting records. After an initial period in Australia, becoming familiar with relevant secondary material on the subject I will go to Italy to analyze paintings first hand. The three religious works by Caravaggio that have been selected for personal observation in situ are as follows: n Deposition of Christ in the Sepulchre, 1602-1603, Oil on Canvas, 300 x 203cm, Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican City n The Calling of Saint Matthew, 1599-1600, Oil on Canvas, 322 x 340cm, Contareli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome n Crucifixion of Saint Peter, 1600, Oil on Canvas, 230 x 175cm, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome Literature Review In researching the identified topic, many of the traditional sources, articles and books, on Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and his works were that of negativity giving him little or no credit for the profound impact he has had on art history. The intention of this research paper is to disclose the truth through interpretation while counter-arguing past research on the subject that is seemingly incorrectly represented. Primary Sources Alpers, Svetlana. ‘Describe or Narrate? A Problem in Realistic Representation. ’ New Literary History, Vol 8:1, Readers and Spectators: Some Views and Reviews (Autumn 1976), pp. 15-41 This article, taken from the New Literary History journal, volume 8, discusses Caravaggio as a great artist but describes his art as offensive and vulgar rather than profound and evolutionary. In order to validly make my claim, it is necessary to show arguments against my stated hypotheses and counter them effectively, which is why this article will be of significant use to me in compiling my extracted information. Chorpenning, Joseph F. ‘Another Look at Caravaggio and Religion. ’ Artibus et Historiae, Vol 8:16 (1987), pp. 149-158 I believe this journal article can provide the basis for my project. It is very similar to the intentions of my research paper and will help to make my finished piece a worthwhile, significant, and original investigation for the truth. Friedlaender, Walter F. Caravaggio Studies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955 Walter Friedlaender, the author of Caravaggio Studies, is one of the first to write about the obscure Italian artist. Although sections of the biography appear to be speculative, there is a great deal of information that is unavailable elsewhere in this book.

An Inspector Calls Character Profile Essay Example for Free

An Inspector Calls Character Profile Essay Arthur Birling Husband of Sybil, father of Sheila and Eric. He is the owner of Birling and Company, some sort of factory business that employs several girls to work on machines. He is a Magistrate and two years ago, was Lord Mayor of Brumley. Gerald Croft Engaged to Sheila. His parents, Sir George and Lady Croft, are above the Birlings socially, and it seems his mother disapproves of his engagement to Sheila. He works for his fathers company, Crofts Limited, which seems to be both bigger and older than Birling and Company. Sheila Birling Engaged to be married to Gerald. Daughter of Arthur Birling and Sybil Birling, and sister of Eric. Sybil Birling Married to Arthur. Mother of Sheila and Eric. Sybil is, like her husband, a woman of some public influecnce, sitting on charity organizations and having been married two years ago to the Lord Mayor. She is an icily impressive woman, arguably the only one of all the Birlings to almost completely resist the Inspectors attempts to make her realize her responsibilities. Eric Birling Son of Arthur and Sybil Birling. Brother of Sheila Birling. Eric has a drinking problem He works at Birling and Company, and his father is his boss. Inspector Goole The Inspector is in his fifties, and he is dressed in a plain dark suit. He initially seems to be an ordinary Brumley police inspector, but (as his name might suggest) comes to seem something more ominousperhaps even a supernatural being. Edna The parlour maid. Eva Smith A girl who the Inspector claims worked for Birling and was fired, before working for Milwards and then being dismissed. She subsequently had relationships with Gerald Croft and then Eric Birling (by whom she became pregnant).

Role of Human Resources (HR) in Organisational Effectiveness

Role of Human Resources (HR) in Organisational Effectiveness XXX is a leading International Healthcare Group with the purpose to help people lead longer, healthier and happier lives. The organisation does that by providing a broad range of healthcare services, support and advice to people throughout their lives. With no shareholders and its global presence in 190 countires, the organisation is said to be a industry leader. XXX is a 60 years old organisation providing services like Health insurance and Wellbeing, Healthcare provision, Healthcare Analytics and Care Services. The organisations vision to be world leader in the health care sector has been supported by the following objectives: Listen to its customers, act quickly and professionally. Living and Breathing organisations values monitored by HR on regular basis. Make a difference in peoples lives by offering all high quality and value added healthcare Creating diverse and mix work force of highly skilled and knowledgeable employees and invest in their development within the company via organised HR function. This report has been commissioned by the CEO of XXX. FINDINGS Forces shaping the HR agenda Our purpose is to help people live longer, healthier, happier lives and the 52,000 people we employ are at the heart of making this a reality. HR Director It is essential to have a strong and distinctive identity that clearly separates XXX from others in the field. Everyone has a part to play in this and hence thats where the HR plays a important role. Examples of External Forces that have shaped the HR agenda are Competition, Markets, Economic trends and the changing face of the Health Industry. Increasing expectations of the customers and more competitors offering similar services at lower rates, made XXX to look more further into its products and services, which resulted in hiring more talented people skilled in their sector to provide the best service to the customers and partners. To make sure that the right number of people are available and are able to effectively deliver the required results, HR department works in partnership with the management. HR provided the right environment for the people to learn, grow and develop them through Innovative Learning Approach and by recognising people for their contribution to the organisations success. By investing in its human capital, XXXs objective was to provide the best customer service through all channels to its members. HR proposed to offer its employees both an open environment and an informal culture, encouraging fresh ideas and helping employees realise their true potential. 3.2 HRs contribution to Organisational Effectiveness Creating competitive advantage through people. Group HR Management works in partnership with the Management. To reflect their different business needs, all the business units work exclusively to provide a direct, informed and tailored service to meet its unique needs. All business units individual HR heads reports to the HR Director. This is done so all the departments on its own are delivering higher levels of performance to the benefit of our customers and the bottom line. Individual HR in all these units perform common bundle of processes which impacts on organisational performance. Recruitment of talent that matches XXXs values. Leadership and management practices/ competencies Performance management Succession planning Recognition Organisational climate and workplace environment Facilitating effective change management Management development and training Career development 360 feedback tools 3.3 HRs roles and functions in management structures XXX HR Map Administration Training Departments are in each business units and have individual Change Management Teams IS HR Organisational Development HR Director HR UK Membership International HR Group HR Management Development Care Services Information Systems HR Training Development Group HR Functions Reward Recognition Business Technology Training IS Resource Management Group Resource Management Pensions Benefits HR Systems XXX One Life HR within XXX works as a strategic partner, hence plays a very important role in finance, operations and other business departments within the organisation. The main objective is to provide high returns on the businesss investment in its people. XXX does not follow any set models of HR but do closely relate with the Harvard model. It sees employees as resources. It emphasises on issues like involving people in decision making and developing an organisational culture based on trust and teamwork. It has shared goals for coordination and control and a flat structure to minimise status culture. It employs the multiple stakeholder model in which employees are seen as having interests along with other stakeholders, management, unions and government. The HR outlines four main policy areas which are Human Resource flows: HR manages the flow of people within XXXs individual business units through recruitment and selection, through the organisation by placement, appraisal and promotion and lastly through out of the organisation by termination. It also makes sure at right number of people are available at all the times according to the business needs. Reward Systems: Even though each business unit has separate Reward System in place, it serves a common purpose to attract, motivate and keep employees happy within the organisation. Employee Influence: People being the heart of the organisation, their views and concerns are given equal importance as of stakeholders and customers. Work Systems: With the ever changing business needs and the medical climate, XXX makes sure that the information and technology used within the organisation provides the best outcomes. The individual HR function currently concentrates on achieving the four Cs of the model i.e. Commitment, Congruence, Competence, Cost Effectiveness. The XXXs hr structure also somehow resembles the Ulrichs hr model as all the business units do individually have their own separate departments to deal with change, strategies and administration. 3.4 Business Ethics and Accountability XXX follows a code of professional ethics which are based on the principles that determine the way employees behave and Brand personality that describes the way employees are suppose to perceive. Brand Values : Caring, Respectful, Ethical, Enabling, Dedicated and Accountable Brand Personality : Warm Human Caring Understanding Approachable Health Care Expert Global Outlook BUPA Employee Individual Business units do have their own code of conducts in line with the group values. For example, the training and development department in all units have professional code of conduct from the Institute of Management Consultants which covers ethics as Integrity, Independence, Objectivity and Responsbility to the profession. All the core values and ethics are explained on the XXXs intranet which is available for all the employees across the organisation. It clearly mentions how employees are expected to act in relation to the various policies like Treating Customers Fairly, Health and Safety at work, Data Matters, Security Matters Policy and Data Protection Policy As a global healthcare company, XXX deals with the personal details, medical data and financial records of millions of people around the world. Protecting that information is essential is a key responsibility for all of us. XXX Chief Executive XXX as a major healthcare services provider, plays a very important role in designing and delivering medical procedures and policies. It works closely with NHS and makes sure that all the treatments offered to the members in their centres are within the medical guidelines applied by NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence). XXX has its media policy, Risk Management and Fraud Protection policies. XXX has its own Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability Policy under which healthcare expertise is used in the way that is good for business and communities. It covers many areas including employee giving support and volunteering, community health and wellness partnerships, addressing and minimising our impact on environment and affiliations with like-minded businesses and organisations (e.g Nuffield Health Centres, Life Education, etc.). The Group HR provides support, encouragement and motivation to its employees to participate in various activities conducted to fulfil its corporate responsibility. 4.1 HRs role in strategy formulation and interpretation All organisations will at some point need to focus on the activities and actions that it will undertake to meet its long term aims and objectives. XXXs vision taking care of the lives in our hands is at the heart of all strategies that are planned and practiced within the organisation. The two main objectives helping HR to form strategies within the organisation are Management capability : Through validated processes and development, this objective is met by XXX recruiting, retaining and developing managers to meet the business challenges of today and future. It involves different strategies designed around Recruitment, Core competencies, Performance Management, Succession Planning, XXX One Life, Climate Surveys, Change Management, Management Development, Career Development, 360 feedback tools and Customisable Questionnaire. Enabling systems and processes : This objective is met by developing and maintaining a performance-oriented culture. It includes Induction and Measures of Success. Business priorities are cascaded through the different levels of the organisation through a process whereby they become increasingly more detailed and focused. They trigger departmental objectives which are translated into team objectives and in turn provide the foundation for personal objectives which are based on SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timebound) targets that are to be met on consistent basis. These objectives are discussed, set and measured as part of the performance management plan of all employees depending on their roles and business units. XXX does not fit into any particular model of relationship between the HRM and the Business Strategies but it does work on the theories based within these models. In the best fit model (Schuler and Jackson example), employees are seen as key in the implementation of the declared organisational strategy and the HR strategy is designed to fit with this. XXXs individual departments propose strategies to be implemented via management surrounding functions, systems and processes within the department which enable the functional strategy to be achieved. This is then responded by the HR by defining the strategy to meet organisational needs. In the Resource based approach, the focus is to sustain competitive advantage through development of human capital rather than aligning human resources to current strategic goals. XXX invests in regular development of its employees within the organisation to make sure that they are updated with all the knowledge required to perform their job well and so to add value to the company. 4.2 Business and HR Strategies Each business within XXX evaluates its current position, its market and competitor environment and identifies its key strategies and plans in its annual 3 Strategic Year Plan (explained in 5.3). They work together in order to achieve common objectives of the organisation. Two of these most important objectives to be achieved in XXX are Cost Control : To utilise the resources in the most productive and effective way. To recruit and retain effective and skilled staff More training and development options to the existing employees to perform various roles Flexible working patterns according to the business needs Authorising treatments that are medically appropriate and within clinical guidelines only, leaving a small room for exceptional cases Competition : to regularly update the products and services offered within the health and care sector. To provide best customer service on levels of the business To design and offer most flexible and tailored policies to the members. HRs role in meeting these objectives has been analysed through SWOT which looks at the internal strengths and weaknesses and the external oppurtunities and threats. SWOT Analysis Strenghts : No Shareholders : this enables all the profits to be utilised to provide better customer service and products to the members. People : highly skilled and mix work force which knowledge of various sectors and products. Team of qualified health care consultants and providers. Customer-focus work culture Technology : Most advanced technology in the health care sector relating to the processes and procedures for medical treatments. Guidance on health issues online and on the phone. Operations : Working with various organisations and health groups to provide the best health care to everyone. Weeknesses : No Shareholders : If profits margins not gained, not enough money to invest back into the business People : mix work force and long-serving staff who are resistant to change. People lacking knowledge of all the departments as specialising in one specific area. Operations : because of the high turn-over of the staff, no standard operating procedures. Regular changes to keep up with the changing demands of the business. Cost-control : Staff redundancies in many business units resulting in low moral within the organisation and heavy work load on the rest of the workforce. Oppurtunities : Partnership with various organisations within the healthcare sector. As a lead health care service provider, had access to higher numbers of consultants and medically trained people Works closely with NHS, hence very influential when it comes to decisions relating medical treatments and funding for certain experimental treatments International presence to make sure private healthcare is available and provided to people around the world. Threats : Competition from other insurance providers who offer private health insurances on lower rates. Outsourcing of many business units which lacks communication and information transformation in a quick and appropriate manner. Higher medical costs which makes the premiums of the policies go higher every year. Increased customer demands to cover more experimental treatments and drugs because of globalisation. 4.3 Vertical and Horizontal Integration XXX works with NHS and other health-care providers to provide better health care services. The Vertical Integration is practiced within XXX as many of the services are offered via other providers who specialises in Travel, Home Care and Conservative treatment. This does serves the purpose to achieve the organisation to provide more treatment options to its customers which results in more appropriate and affordable policies been given to its customers. The option of been treated via NHS or Privately is always available for the customers leaving room for them to choose the most appropriate and time-saving option. The horizontal integration is defined within XXX as all the HR functions are inter-related and inter-connected to each-other. This is achieved by a business units specially looking for skilled employees in customer service, information technology, nursing and administration sector which leads to internal recruitment or resourcing, further leading to development, performance management, rewards and recognition and employee relations. 5.1 HRs role in Business Planning The Global expansion of XXX has resulted in fine-tuning of the policies and functions throughout the organisation to ensure that required support is provided to drive XXX forward. This has created a demanding and fast changing environment to work in. XXX expect high standards from every one of its team members and in return offer the opportunity to enhance their career with one of the biggest and most successful brands in private healthcare. HR being the part of the Organisation Development team within the Group functions, has a very wide role to play to achieve the organisations one common goal. It works to make sure that all business units within XXX had right level of people with right level of skills are available to effectively deliver results to its customers at all times. Introduction to flexible working hours, change in employment contracts, inter-departmental transfers to suit the business needs, more systems and procedures to work with resulted in introduction to the change management team within HR of all business units. The things that caused XXX to go through change are Challenges of growth within global market i.e increasing cost of medical treatments and more experimental treatments introduced within UK market Technological changes i.e different technologies to work with to make sure that all processes and procedures are up to date according to the changing demands of the business Customer Pressure i.e. customers looking for more options and better services at lower costs The HRs involvement in various aspects of change was identified as Restructuring the recruitment and resourcing policies Advising team managers in skills available within the organisation, career development and transfer opportunities. Assessing the impact of change in one department on another part of the organisation. Making sure that the communication is clear and consistent within all departments of all business units within the organisations. Helping its to cope with change , performance management and motivation. 5.2 Environmental Planning It is very important for XXX to scan through the environment and consider all the present and future forces affecting the direction and goals of the organisation. Environment Planning involves external factors like trends and markets and internal factors like infrastructure and personnel. The STEEPLE analysis for XXX shows all the forces affecting organisational change Social Technology Economic Environment Political Legal Ethical Lifestyle changes of the customers involved with the company Energy costs and usage Inflation rates Natural resrouces Regulations related to private healthcare Employment Laws Reputation Living conditions of its employees and customers related to the business Changes in IT new systems and processes Consumer confidence within the companys products and services Strong Environmental policy Safety regulations Consumer Protection Business Ethics Income distribution within the community New inventions and software developments Medical costs Recycling Trade policies/ globalisation Trade Unions Client Confidentiality 5.3 Measures of Effectiveness What gets measured, gets attention and gets done. Tom Peters XXX has its own business priorities. To keep them accountable and focused on their key objectives, all businesses in XXX go through an annual process of setting their major priorities for the coming year. These are agreed in annual meetings, together with the key financial targets and from the basis of what the business will be measured on the following year. This is a similar process as Performance Management in employees. The organisation has The 3 year Strategic Plan which describes the direction the Group as a whole and the individual business units will take over the next 3 years. This plan is completed every year and is an important part of XXXs strategy processes. The context of each business is then evaluated on the basis of three important management tools. The Annual Operating Plan : It sets the detailed financial targets for the year for each individual department including HR. (sets targets for sales, costs, profits, etc) The Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for each individual in each business units. These are set of key operational, customer, strategic and people performance metrics. The Business priorities: The change acceptance rate of all individuals within the organisation. Performances of the employees are measured with the Brand values and behaviours been achieved, delivered and maintained. These are maintained within the organisation as Performance Review, which along with the Development Plans are sent to HRs administration department.They work closely with the training and development team to provide immediate attention to key issues. This process of measuring the human capital and oraganisations data provides a clearer picture within the working culture of the organisation. So, in this way, management, training and development team and HR administration works together to manage people and policies to achieve set business objectives.

ICT in Finance :: ICT Essays

Credit Control ============== Credit control is a database and it tells the company when payments need to be made. By implementing a credit control procedure manual Boots are enforcing the company's individual characteristics. They are showing they have management and company values that will inform their customers that they have presence, confidence, diligence, and that they are prepared. Companies that have these values are less likely to suffer from late payment or bad debt (aged debts). Controlling their company's credit, when they no longer control their debtors the cost of financing their company's cash flow is at the mercy of those very same debtors. Boots need this because it tells them when their debts need to be made so they wont get into deeper debts. If they didn't use this method the company could go bankrupt in a few months. Forecasting Boots need to use forecasting when they seeing what products will be needed in the season because they will not buy furry body warmers for babies in the summer, these will be used in winter time this will make sure that boots do not lose any customers to other rivals Supplier Payments Supplier payments are payments that need to be paid to the company they bought their stock of. So if Boots needed to pay supplier payments this would mean that whatever supplier Boots bought their food and drink of these are payments that are to be made to the supplier. Boots gets sent an aged creditors report, this tells them the aged debts, will show the Finance Department who the company owes money to. This helps boots because they wont get behind with paying money they own to different people, so they wont get into deeper debt and that's why Boots needs this type of method. BACS (bankers automated clearing system) BACS means that you can now pay the creditors directly into their own bank accounts. Increasingly suppliers are receiving payment directly into their Bank Account via BACS, the automated clearing system. This means that cleared funds are available on the day you are paid - unlike the time delay associated with cheques, there is no possibility of cheques getting lost or delayed in the post, you are saved the time and trouble of paying cheques into your bank account, accounting procedures are simplified and administrative costs reduced. Boots would use this when they owe money to the suppliers because they have bought their food from them like the sweets the drink they sell. Boots needs this because when they pay the creditors by cheques they can get lost so the creditors will think that they haven't paid causing the company to go into debt with the creditors.

Juvenile Detention Makes Teens Worse Essays -- juvenile justice system

There are numerous critics of the juvenile justice system, and while most of their denunciations remain the same as those of the justice system at large, an ample portion of their criticisms revolve around the claim that incarcerating young people not only doesn’t work in deterring or rehabilitating them, but makes them worse and leads to adult misconduct. A report noted that youth sent to juvenile prison were 37 times more likely to be arrested as adults (Szalavitz, 2009). Another major problem some cite with the juvenile justice system is that most delinquent offends have some form of mental illness, and that while studies have shown that mental health treatment would be a better alternative, they are simply ignored or incarcerated (Ramirez, 2008), completely contradictory to the core values of the juvenile justice system which stresses rehabilitation and restitution above all else. Nevertheless, it is obvious that there are flaws in the system, and how glaringly obvious they may be depends on ones’ perception. A host of various cases show that the state of juvenile justice does not match up with current times and circumstances that differ from the time the system was set in place. Youths now are engaged in severe violent crimes, gang activity, and a multitude of other offense that depict a shift in the social and cultural ambience of the country. With that said, it seems apparent that the system needs to adapt to these current changes, but before that happens (if it ever does) there are many juvenile delinquents that that have been failed by the system in place. One of these people is Quantel Lotts. Like most kids who grow up in improvised urban areas across the United States, Quantel Lotts was raised in an environment ... ...e of Justice . Initiative, E. J. (2007). Cruel and Unusual: Sentencing 13 and 14- Year- Old Children to Die in Prison . Montgomery : Equal Justice Initiative . Liptak, A., & Petak, L. F. (2011, April 20). Juvenile Killers in Jail for Life Seek a Reprieve. The New York Times . Lotts, Q. (2012, March 19). tried as an adult and locked away for life at age 14. (E. Pilkington, Interviewer) National Institute of Mental Health . (2011). The Teen Brain: Still Under Construction . Besthesda : U.S. Department of Health and HUman Services . Ramirez, F. (2008, April/May). Juvenile Delinquency: Current Issues, Best Practices, and Promising Approaches. GPSOLO . Steinberg, L. D. (1987). Family processes at adolescence: A developmental perspective. Family Therapy, 77-86. Szalavitz, M. (2009, August 07). Why Juvenile Detention Makes Teens Worse. Time Magazine.

Troubled Youth :: Essays Papers

Troubled Youth Despite many obstacles in my life, my experience performing community service stands out as the most memorable. I was sixteen at the time, and just beginning my first job at a fast food restaurant. I had to learn how to balance between community service in the morning and my employment at the local Wendy’s. It was very stressful and influential at the same time. I performed my community service at a local elementary school. I chose this place because of its relative ease, and it was also an area I could easily get to and from. I started my first day very confused and out of character. The school was very bland, and it brought back memories of the time that I had attended elementary school. Upon first arrival I met the principal of the school. He was my superior and his first impression explained to me what he was all about. He was a fairly easy going man, and was straightforward. I found these qualities to be true with many people that I have met who are of his same stature. He was about the size of the students attending. The irony of this anomaly was the vehicle he drove, a station wagon raised with massive tires and exemplified even more by large round lights placed in between the headlights. I would see the principal’s machine on a regular basis and always think, â€Å"How in the hell does he get in?† After meeting the principal I was taken to meet my fellow co-workers. I met first the head janitor, named Jim. He was very tall, and not very muscular. He was an amazingly friendly man, and I could tell he was passionate about his job, but was very restrained socially because of the people he was forced to communicate with on a daily basis. There were two other janitors who were followers of the head janitor. One was a short black man, named Carl. He had been originally from Kenya, his English was horrible but he was a very life loving man. When he would sporadically speak, it was mainly just to mock his associate janitor. The associate janitor was very enthralling person, his name was Rick. Everybody around me poked fun at at him, sometimes to his face and other times behind his back. This really didn’t matter to him due to the fact that he was mentally unstable. Troubled Youth :: Essays Papers Troubled Youth Despite many obstacles in my life, my experience performing community service stands out as the most memorable. I was sixteen at the time, and just beginning my first job at a fast food restaurant. I had to learn how to balance between community service in the morning and my employment at the local Wendy’s. It was very stressful and influential at the same time. I performed my community service at a local elementary school. I chose this place because of its relative ease, and it was also an area I could easily get to and from. I started my first day very confused and out of character. The school was very bland, and it brought back memories of the time that I had attended elementary school. Upon first arrival I met the principal of the school. He was my superior and his first impression explained to me what he was all about. He was a fairly easy going man, and was straightforward. I found these qualities to be true with many people that I have met who are of his same stature. He was about the size of the students attending. The irony of this anomaly was the vehicle he drove, a station wagon raised with massive tires and exemplified even more by large round lights placed in between the headlights. I would see the principal’s machine on a regular basis and always think, â€Å"How in the hell does he get in?† After meeting the principal I was taken to meet my fellow co-workers. I met first the head janitor, named Jim. He was very tall, and not very muscular. He was an amazingly friendly man, and I could tell he was passionate about his job, but was very restrained socially because of the people he was forced to communicate with on a daily basis. There were two other janitors who were followers of the head janitor. One was a short black man, named Carl. He had been originally from Kenya, his English was horrible but he was a very life loving man. When he would sporadically speak, it was mainly just to mock his associate janitor. The associate janitor was very enthralling person, his name was Rick. Everybody around me poked fun at at him, sometimes to his face and other times behind his back. This really didn’t matter to him due to the fact that he was mentally unstable.

Problem Caused by Anti-Smoking Legislation in Hong Kong

Title: Analyse the problems caused by the implementation of anti-smoking legislation in Hong Kong. Identify some solutions to these problems. Paragraph 1 In recent years many countries have enacted anti-smoking legislation. For example, on 1 January 2007 Hong Kong extended no smoking areas to cover the inside of restaurants, as well as offices and some public outdoor areas (Tobacco control, 2007).While these laws have been largely welcomed by both health advocates and the general population, they have had some unintended consequences including an increase in cigarette litter and congestion in areas where smokers congregate, and a decrease in working efficiency in workplaces with significant numbers of smokers. This essay will examine these effects in more detail before considering some possible solutions. Paragraph 2 One of the outcomes of preventing office and shop workers from smoking in offices and shopping centres is that smokers are more likely to gather on pavements in the area near the entrance to the office building or mall.The assembly of these smokers has produced an increase in litter, with waste such as cigarette butts and packaging often discarded on the street. Novotny and Zhao (1999) argue that this litter is plainly observable, may remain in the environment for a long time and might be hazardous to young children and animals if ingested. Given the densely packed office environment in the central business district of Hong Kong, it is apparent that the litter problem from smokers who smoke outside can be quite serious. Paragraph 3As well as the littering problem, groups smoking on pavements can pose a physical danger to young children. Nakahara (2005) mentions that children are often at a height where they can be easily struck by smokers holding lit cigarettes. As the head of the child is often only at leg level to the adult smoker, the burning cigarette could easily harm the eye or other facial features of the child. It is suggested by Nakahara ( ibid) that street smoking has become more widespread after stricter smoking legislation began to be enforced.In the crowded urban parts of Hong Kong, such as in Mongkok and Causeway Bay, even if there are only a small proportion of pedestrians smoking, this would still generate a hazard to young children. Paragraph 4 Besides the outdoor effects of smoking legislation, those companies operating in Hong Kong who employ smokers have also probably suffered. Considering the USA,  Halpern, Shikiar, Rentz and Khan  (2001) find that smokers have appreciably more absences from work than those who have never smoked.The reason for this is believed to be due to increased rates of sickness among smokers. It could also be speculated that as smokers are more likely to take extended breaks than non-smokers, this would precipitate further reductions in working efficiency in offices with many smokers. As business is very important in the Hong Kong economy, maintaining a high working efficiency is vital to Hong Kong competitiveness. Paragraph 5 Regarding the first problem of increased littering, there are four possible methods to counter this issue.According to Bitgood, Carnes and Thompson (1988), these are environmental education, prompting, environmental design and punishment. Environmental education would include TV campaigns against littering, while prompting would mean signage outside offices reminding smokers not to litter. Environmental design would mean improved design of cigarette bins, and punishment means fines. A combination of these methods, together with increased frequency of visits by cleaners, would plausibly be the most effective solution to littering, and this already happens in Hong Kong (Clean Hong Kong, 2012).Paragraph 6 The physical risk caused by smokers in public areas to young children can perhaps be solved by the establishment of smoking zones. While in Hong Kong, universities are supposedly smoke free, in the United States there are moves by some universities to have areas where smoking is allowed (Ryman, 2010). Although the presence of these smoking zones is common in airports, the proposal by universities in America would be for outdoor zones so this could lead to opposition by some non smokers.As  Kennedy et al. (2012) observe, in countries where restrictions have been placed on indoor smoking, thereby prompting greater outdoor smoking, a majority of interviewees now support outdoor smoking limits in certain settings. Paragraph 7 Finally, the issue of working efficiency has also begun to be addressed in the United States, with certain employers, for the most part health care facilities, now actively not employing those applicants who state that they smoke on the application form.Koch (2012) points out that while a tobacco-free recruiting procedure is intended to endorse health and decrease insurance costs, these polices of discrimination against smokers might have unintended repercussions with smokers feeling punished r ather than encouraged to quit smoking. As a result, some States in America have started passing laws forbidding the discrimination in the workplace of smokers (Summary of District of Columbia Laws, 2010), although in Hong Kong this is not currently proscribed under the labour ordinance (Labour Department, 2012).Paragraph 8 This essay has examined the problems created by the ban on smoking in offices and many indoor public venues in recent years. These problems include a deteriorating litter problem, a danger to young children from lit cigarettes and decreased working efficiency among smokers. Solutions that were considered include intensifying and varying litter prevention schemes, establishing smoke free zones and implementing legislation to prevent smokers from being employed. Paragraph 9It is the belief of this writer that while the anti-smoking legislation was welcome, there was not enough thought regarding the consequences of this legalisation before it was implemented. While r emedial measures can be introduced to partially solve some of these problems, the only certain way to eliminate these problems is to further reduce the number of smokers. For this to happen, it is likely that further legalisation which further restricts the advertising, sale, and consumption of tobacco is needed by the Hong Kong Government.

Formal And Informal Assessment And Evaluation Education Essay

Appraisal and rating has become critical issues particularly in the field of learning and larning ; it requires alert consideration by every instruction practician in any educational establishment. This is besides the country where many instructors sink into the pool of confusion. But it has its cardinal map, which is to roll up information on the accomplishment of every single pupil and judge their mundane advancement. In other words, it serve critical function in the procedure of effectual instruction and acquisition. Therefore, this essay will explicate my apprehension of appraisal and rating from the positions of development, formal, informal, particular demands, and criterions in brief. However, to make this, we foremost need to specify appraisal and rating. The word appraisal is derived from the Latin word ‘assidere ‘ significance ‘to sit beside ‘ . It is obvious that simple tone of this phrase is comforting, and it suggests common assurance and apprehension. So, it indirectly tells that being of positive association between appraisal and the procedure of instruction and acquisition in schools is necessary. By and big, appraisal is a procedure of roll uping information relation to some identified purposes and aims involved with pupils ‘ advancement and accomplishment in the procedure of instruction and acquisition. More specifically, schoolroom appraisal refers to the procedure of assemblage, entering, construing, utilizing and pass oning information about their advancement and accomplishment during the development of cognition, constructs, accomplishments and attitudes. Harmonizing to Lloyd-Jones and Bray ( 1986 ) appraisal is referred to the procedure in which certain quality of a pupil ‘s instruction is measured, by the instructor, an tester or the pupil. It is means to mensurate worthiness of pupils ‘ public presentation. Assessment, hence, involves much more than proving. It is an on-going procedure that encompasses many formal and informal activities intended to analyze and better instruction and acquisition in all countries of the course of study. On the other manus, rating is more or less defined as the procedure of judging comparative virtue, value, or worthiness of educational plans, or techniques by utilizing realistic information generated through appraisal. It helps in updating the nature and grade of acquisition ; plays polar function in curricular determination devising ; and it favour better links between acquisition, and the purposes and aims of learning. Furthermore, it creates strong bond between larning and the environments in which larning takes topographic point. Therefore, in educational scene, appraisal and rating seeks grounds that the acquisition activities designed for pupils are effectual.Appraisal and Evaluation from the position of developmentWhy do we measure and measure? This is the first inquiry that knocks in my head whenever I look assessment and rating from an angle of development. Generally, instructors plays critical function in developmental appraisal and rating of pupils ‘ acquisition and plans for many grounds: First, appraisal and rating aid instructors and pupil matter decision makers to heighten their apprehension of the demands of a persistently changing pupil population. In add-on, it will assist in placing developmental holds in pupils and to develop schemes for intercession. For that, I would prefer to utilize the construct of incorporate theoretical account of kid development. It is because the theoretical account covers up all developmental countries such as sensory, behavioral, linguistic communication, motor, perceptual, societal cognitive and emotional accomplishments. So it can besides be used to better holistic development of pupils as a pupil, ego, and valuable citizen of the state as it reflects their personality every bit good as their grade of accomplishment in the field of acquisition. Second, appraisal is besides meant to develop efficient educational institutional programs and policies to run into pupils ‘ developmental demands and acquisition manners. They are important for progressing the quality and easy handiness of plans and services. Third, we can non avoid its greatest part in course of study development. Through appraisal and rating, we will be able to assist course of study developers for make up one's minding how we might better classs and programmes. At the same clip, as a instructor we can lend in making alteration on course of study, class stuffs, learning methodological analysiss, etc. It is because assessment consequences can specially supply a powerful rational for procuring scaffold for course of study alterations, development and reappraisal.Formal and Informal Assessment and EvaluationA formal appraisal is besides sometimes known as summational appraisal. And it is by and large assessed in the signifier of quiz, trial, or paper and is graded based on how good pupil is able to execute. A summational appraisal is usually carried out at the terminal of unit or faculty. Furthermore, formal appraisals are categorized into criterion-referenced trials and norm-referenced trials. Criterion-referencing is assessment based on certain standard or rule, and norm-referencing is graded appraisal based on the comparings of scholars ‘ accomplishment against one another from clip to clip. I prefer more of standard citing method than norm-referencing because it can be used to judge pupils ‘ accomplishment and advancement on a series of cardinal standards set based on moderately expected acquisition results and aims. Whereas, norm-referencing is based on the hypothesis, that a more or less similar scope of human public presentation can be anticipated for any pupil group. On the other manus, Informal appraisal is referred as formative trial, and it is a uninterrupted procedure of appraisal and rating. Feedback plays critical function here as it allows both scholars and instructors to measure acquisition and topographic point out the countries for betterment. But which one could be the best signifier of appraisal, formal or informal? In my sentiment, the usage of informal appraisals is best for the overall acquisition. It facilitate instructors to assess pupils through a scope of classroom-based activities, place pupils failing so and at that place and get down work for the betterment, instead than waiting at the last minute like informal appraisal.Appraisal and Evaluation for particular demands pupilsStudents ‘ holding jobs such as: motor, lingual, cognitive, behavioral, organisational, address and physical disablements are normally referred as particular needs pupils, and it besides includes talented pupils. They should non be left out without normal instruction. Particular agreements or particular demands adjustments should be offered to them in order to prosecute their academic ends and accomplish a higher degree of personal autonomy. Similarly they besides need to be evaluated and identified their strengths, failings and give guiding rules to do effectual advancement in achieving their academic ends. Other than instructors and equals, pupils ‘ household should affect in it. So, I feel that, by constructing an confederation with their parents ; obtaining pupils ‘ developmental history and current household experience ; and discoursing issues with them would assist greatly for turn toing challenges in steering particular needs pupils to win like other normal pupils. Furthermore, rating will be holistic and addresses all facets of operation. For that we should non bury to take pupils ‘ single acquisition manners into history as all pupils do non hold same learning capableness and ways. Sometimes pupils with particular demands are integrated in regular schoolrooms because the chief thought of appraisal and rating in this field itself is to see whether a pupil is able to accommodate, do advancement and met aims in normal category like normal pupils. Assessment indicates whether the pupil learned the stuffs intended and what are some of the drawbacks countries to be improved. So schools and teacher must give all pupils an equal chance to instruction. Infect, they should supply counteractive aid to particular needs pupils. Never the less, we as a instructor, in order to choose instruction plan and activities suited for our pupils, we must carefully measure our options and see the particular needs of our handicapped pupils. Standards based Assessment and Evaluation Here, it includes two types of educational criterions, a content criterion and a public presentation criterion. A content criterion defines the cognition, constructs, and accomplishments get at each class degree, while public presentation criterion province the degree of public presentation that is considered acceptable alining to the benchmark set by the instructors. Standards-based appraisal and rating is meant to place pupils with different gait and capablenesss in acquisition, so that we can plan schemes to assist them and do all of them achieve and maestro to the degree that they are required to retain certain benchmark in acquisition. Understanding ‘Standardized Test ‘ and its features is necessary when we discuss about appraisal and rating from the position of criterion as it is one of the instrument required in standard appraisal and rating procedure. Range of cognition and apprehension in specific topic is being assessed through standardised testing on pupils. And it is a snapshot in clip where appraisals are administered and scored in the same manner for all pupils. For illustration, multiple-choice inquiries and written responses to be answered within a given clip frame are illustrations of standard trial. That means pupils are non allowed to utilize outer resources or mentions in order to finish the trial. Their public presentation on these trials decides whether they will be promoted or non from one class to the following. And this is what about every school territory now administers it. However, it is of import for us non to acquire confused of Standardized trials with the criterions motion, which approve definite grade-level content and public presentation criterions in chief topic sphere. Frequently, regulated unvarying trials are non associated with province and territory content criterions, and these causes perceptibly lose of connexion between what is being taught and what is being tested. So as a instructor we have to treat our learning harmonizing to the course of study. The standard rating will enable other school betterment program and undertakings, and to convey progress alterations in course of study and teaching method, and incorporation of new appraisals. So standardised appraisal and rating is uniformly regulated trial which it refers to when every pupil at a peculiar class degree has to undergo the same trial with same inquiry, at same clip frame in same twelvemonth throughout the state. In the nutshell, we would happen that the descriptions given in above paragraphs are all positions from different positions constructed by speculating the both particular needs pupils and normal pupil as an active in structuring their ain acquisition in the context of societal interaction ; function of educational establishments and instructors in set uping the kid ‘s phase of development in any facet of acquisition, and that information collected through assorted appraisal and rating methods will so be used to ‘scaffold ‘ the following acquisition and course of study development.

Sarbanes Oxley

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Contents Overview3 Enron3 Sarbanes-Oxley Act3 11 Titles4 Major Sections of SOX5 Section 3025 Section 4046 Section 4096 Section 9027 Section 9067 After SOX: What has Sarbanes-Oxley Accomplished & Issues that Remain7 Conclusion8 Overview The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law in 2002 by President Bush. Sarbanes- Oxley came to be because of corporate level accounting scandals that had then, recently occurred. The most common of these scandals include: Adelphia, Enron, Peregrine Systems, Tyco and, WorldCom. This act â€Å"introduced major changes to the regulation of financial practice and corporate governance. Enron The Enron Scandal is one of many that prompted the obvious need for reform of accounting practices. It began in November 1997 when the company bought stake in another company to create a sub company of Enron. The new company, Chewco, was run by an Enron officer who enabled Enron to run a series of transactions through Chewco and ultimately, funnel deb t from one company to another, even though they were both Enron. By 2001 â€Å"CEO Jeffery Skilling resigns, becoming the sixth senior executive to leave in a year. † In October, Arthur Andersen’s legal counsel advised auditors of Enron to destroy â€Å"all but the most basic documents2. So, the cover up began. Arthur Andersen was once amongst the â€Å"Big 5† accounting firms and the provided tax, audit and consulting services to corporations like Enron. Their reputation plummeted after they were admittedly aware of â€Å"possible illegal acts† committed by Enron and ultimately, Arthur Anderson was dissolved. Sarbanes-Oxley Act Enron and other scandals cost investors billions of dollars. Stock prices were at all time lows and the people were beginning to lose faith in corporate leaders. Something had to be done to restore faith and tighten standards.Sarbanes-Oxley was named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley. Oxley introduced t he act to the House of Representatives calling it the â€Å"Corporate and Auditing Accountability, Responsibility, and Transparency Act of 2002† on February 14, 2002. With minor changes to the name at the Act itself occurring over the span of a few months, Sarbanes-Oxley was officially signed into law on July 30, 2002 by President George W. Bush. Bush called the legislation â€Å"the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices since the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.The era of low standards and false profits is over; no boardroom in America is above or beyond the law. † The turnaround of this act was very quick. It was obvious that something needed to be done and it needed to occur quickly. 11 Titles Sarbanes-Oxley is comprised of 11 Titles, each with subsidiary sections. The eleven titles each focus on one main topic and the changes that are implemented by Sarbanes-Oxley under their heading. The names of the titles are as follows: 1. Public Company Ac counting Oversight Board (PCAOB) – this section establishes and provides the need for independent auditors.So now, a corporation could not solely publish audits that were conducted internally. 2. Auditor Independence – establishes the standards that need to be followed when conducting an external audit in order to eliminate conflicts of interest. 3. Corporate Responsibility – Title 3 states that senior executives must take individual responsibility for the lawfulness and correctness of their financial records. The hope here is that higher up executives will not turn the other way when fraudulent activity occurs for fear that they could be prosecuted on a personal level. . Enhanced Financial Disclosures – In this title, the new reporting requirements are laid out for corporations. The new requirements are much more thorough and leave little room for leaving out relevant information. 5. Analyst Conflicts of Interest – This is the shortest title of th em all and aims to help restore investor confidence. It requires any conflicts of interest to be disclosed. 6. Commission Resources and Authority – The goal of this section is to try and restore confidence in securities analysts and states the SEC’s power to bar analysts from practice. 7.Studies and Reports – The Comptroller General and the SEC are required to conduct studies and then report their conclusions and findings. 8. Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability – This title gives specific penalties based on various crimes that may be committed and also provided protection for whistle-blowers. 9. White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement – White-collar crime is punished more based on the law described here, stronger sentencing is key. 10. Corporate Tax Return – The basic requirement here, being only one section, is that the Chief Executive Officer signs the company return.This way, the CEO can’t claim that they didn’t see t he tax return before it was filed. 11. Corporate Fraud Accountability – The SEC is granted the ability and authority to freeze an account where payments seem unusual. Looking for large or unusual transactions allows fraud to be more easily detected. Major Sections of SOX Each of the 11 titles mentioned above are comprised of sections. Some titles only have one section but some have up to nine. In this section I will attempt to summarize the five most important sections: 302, 404, 409, 902 and, 906. Section 302Section 302 outlines the Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports. It is composed of steps that are taken by the company and specifically ensuring that the CEO is very involved and informed when it comes to the financial statement process. The CEO must sign off on the financial statements and the reports when they are complete. By making the CEO the final eye to see the statements SOX is attempting to ensure that the CEO cannot claim ignorance if a fraud is committ ed. When the major corporate scandals were occurring at places like Enron, CEO’s frequently claimed they had no idea what was going on in their company.This section aims to hold CEO’s responsible for their company reporting, a form of internal control. Section 404 Section 404 is entitled: Management Assessment of Internal Controls. With the implementation of Section 404, companies are now required to include an additional report, an Internal Control Report. The purpose of this report is for management to take responsibility for a proper internal control structure and also for management to vouch for the usefulness and accuracy of this control. If the internal controls that are in place do not suffice, the faults are required to be reported as well.Section 409 Section 409 addresses timeliness when reporting. â€Å"Companies are required to disclose on almost real-time basis information concerning material changes in its financial condition or operations. † This i s a way, because of this legislation, for investors and people outside the company to be as informed as possible with changes inside the company. These changes may or may not be significant but, there is always a chance, from the perspective of an investor, that day to day decisions affect stock prices. Now, stockholders can be almost immediately aware of the changes taking place.Section 902 Section 902 falls under the white collar crime title and describes the illegality of altering, destroying, manipulating or concealing documents. The intent of the fraudster here would be to â€Å"impair the objects integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding. † Section 906 Section 906 also falls under the white collar crime category and specifically, the penalties that will be endured to any person that certifies a misleading or fraudulent financial report. In this section, it is stated that penalties can be up to $5 million and 20 years in prison.I believe this section is put in to make it clear that CEO’s are going to be held responsible for â€Å"signing off† so, it is in their best interest to thoroughly look over statements and reports. After SOX: What has Sarbanes-Oxley Accomplished & Issues that Remain The Sarbanes-Oxley had good intentions. It’s goal was to restore faith in the public and to reduce company fraud. SOX has definitely restored public faith and perception. The titles and sections that SOX includes make it clear to companies and individuals outside the company that reporting standards have been increased.Because of this increase, and the penalties that are disclosed in this statute, it would be hard to believe that any person or company would risk committing a fraud. However, this only addresses the restoration or faith and confidence. Sarbanes-Oxley has not necessarily affected the inside the company policies and procedures. There are a number of people who scrutinize Sarbanes-Oxley for its shortcomings. â₠¬Å"Sarbanes-Oxley was intended to restore faith in the integrity of corporations and executives, yet it hasn't really had a measurable impact on fraud. The new rules that were implemented under SOX simply aim to increase the CEO’s awareness in what statements and reports are being published. However, when these documents are received, analyzed and signed off, there may or may not be an actual internal investigation going on to ensure the correctness of the documents. There is really no way to prove that the documents are fraud free when they reach the CEO. Conclusion The goal of this paper was to summarize the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley legislation. I discussed the titles that comprise SOX and further went into detail on the most important sections. I am not a critic of this act.I think as far as restoring public perception goes, Sarbanes-Oxley was extremely successful. Also, I think this legislation changed the views of the CEO’s. CEO’s were now explicitly aware of th eir accountability when it came to reporting. This was an extremely beneficial change as, CEO’s use to have the ability to claim ignorance and push the consequences down the corporate ladder. I am sure that if Congress would have taken more time when passing this legislation, it could have been improved upon, but, desperate times†¦ the corporate world needed a drastic change to restore faith and help the economy.There is undoubtedly still fraud occurring and therefore this battle to end it will go on. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. soxlaw. com/ [ 2 ]. http://www. time. com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2021097_2023262,00. html [ 3 ]. http://www. nytimes. com/2002/07/31/business/corporate-conduct-the-president-bush-signs-bill-aimed-at-fraud-in-corporations. html [ 4 ]. http://c0403731. cdn. cloudfiles. rackspacecloud. com/collection/papers/1940/1940_SEC_In vst_Advisors_Act/X. pdf [ 5 ]. ttp://www. sarbanes-oxley-101. com/sarbanes-oxley-compliance. htm [ 6 ]. http://www. soxlaw. com/s302. htm [ 7 ]. http://www. sarbanes-oxley-101. com/sarbanes-oxley-compliance. htm [ 8 ]. http://www. sarbanes-oxley-101. com/sarbanes-oxley-compliance. htm [ 9 ]. http://www. sarbanes-oxley-101. com/sarbanes-oxley-compliance. htm [ 10 ]. http://www. sarbanes-oxley-101. com/sarbanes-oxley-compliance. htm [ 11 ]. http://www. allbusiness. com/professional-services/accounting-tax-auditing/5220240-1. html#ixzz2D3ZIFMye

Discovering Computer

Discovering Computers ? Chapter 1 : Introduction to Computers Chapter 1 Objectives Recognize the importance of computer literacy Define the term, computer Describe the categories of computers Identify the components of a computer Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using computers Recognize the purpose of a network Discuss the uses of the Internet and World Wide Web Discuss various computer applications in society Identify the elements of an information system Describe the various types of computer users Distinguish between system software and application software Next A World of Computers What is computer literacy (digital literacy)? Current knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses ? Computers are everywhere Next What Is a Computer? How is a computer defined? ? Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Processes data into information Conveys meaning and is useful to people Accepts data Collection of unprocessed item s Produces and stores results Next What Is a Computer? What is the information processing cycle? ? ? ? ? ? Input Process Output Storage Communication Next The Components of a Computer What is an input device? ? Hardware used to enter data and instructions Next The Components of a ComputerWhat is an output device? ? Hardware that conveys information to one or more people Next The Components of a Computer What is the system unit? Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data ? Next The Components of a Computer What are two main components on the motherboard? Processor Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU) The electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer Memory Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions Next The Components of a ComputerWhat is storage? ? Holds data, instructions, and information for futur e use Storage media Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored Storage device Records and retrieves items to and from storage media Next The Components of a Computer What is a USB flash drive? ?Portable storage device ? Small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket ? The average USB flash drive can hold about 2 billion characters Next The Components of a Computer What is a hard disk? ? Provides greater storage capacity than a USB flash drive ? Most are housed inside the system unit NextThe Components of a Computer What is a compact disc? ? Flat, round, portable metal disc ? ? CD DVD Next The Components of a Computer What is a communications device? Hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information Occurs over cables, telephone lines, cellular radio networks, satellites, and other transmission media Next Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the advantages of using computers? Speed Reliability Consistency Storage Communications Next Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the disadvantages of using computers? Violation of PrivacyPublic Safety Impact on Labor Force Health Risks Impact on Environment Next Networks and the Internet What is a network? ? Collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly Used to share Resources Hardware devices Software programs Data Information Saves time and money Next Networks and the Internet What is a server? ? A server controls access to resources on a network ? Clients, or workstations, request resources from the server Next Networks and the Internet What is the Internet? ? Worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individualsNext Networks and the Internet Why do users access the Internet? 1. Communications 2. Research and Information 3. Shopping 4. Banking and Investing 5. Classes 6. Entertainment 7. Download Music 8. Share Information Next Networks and the Internet What is the Web? ? Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to anyone connected to the Internet A Web site is a collection of related Web pages You can share information on a social networking Web site or a photo sharing community A podcast is recorded audio stored on a Web site that can be downloaded A Web page contains text, graphics, audio, video, and links to other Web pagesA blog consists of timestamped articles in a journal format Next Computer Software What is software? Consists of a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it Also called a program Next Computer Software What is a graphical user interface (GUI)? ? Allows you to interact with the software using text, graphics, and visual images such as icons ? Controls how you enter data and instructions and how the screen displays information Next Computer Software What is system software? ? Programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices Operating System (OS) s a set of programs that coordinates all activities among computer hardware devices Utility Programs allow the user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices or its programs Next Computer Software What is application software? ? Programs designed to make users more productive Word Processing Database Spreadsheet Presentation Graphics Next Computer Software How do you install and run programs? Next Computer Software JavaScript What is a programmer? ? Someone who develops software ? Programmer writes the instructions to direct the computer to process data into information Web application NextCategories of Computers What are the categories of computers? Personal Computers (desktop) Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Game Consoles Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded Computers Next Personal Computers What are the two most popular styles of per sonal computers? ? PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system ? Apple Macintosh usually uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS X) Next Personal Computers What is a desktop computer? ? Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or table Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a notebook computer? ? Portable, small enough to fit on your lap ?Also called a laptop computer ? Usually more expensive than a desktop computer with equal capabilities Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a Tablet PC? ? Resembles a letter-sized slate ? Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen ? Especially useful for taking notes Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are mobile devices? Small enough to carry in a pocket Internet-enabled telephone is a â€Å"smart phone† Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a handheld computer? Small enough to fit in one hand Used by mobile employees such as meter readers and deliver y people Next Mobile Computers and Mobile DevicesWhat is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? ? Provides personal organizer functions ? ? ? ? ? Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are smart phones? Next Game Consoles What are game consoles? Mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games Next Servers What types of servers are there? A server controls access to network resources and provides centralized storage Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of connected users Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer.Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations Next Embedded Computers What is an embedded computer? ? A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product Next Elements of an Information System What are information system elements? ? ? ? ? ? Hardware Software Data People Procedures Next E xamples of Computer Usage What software is available for a home user? ? Personal finance management ? Web access ? Communications ? Entertainment Next Examples of Computer Usage What software is available for a small office/home office (SOHO) user? ? ? ? Productivity software Specialty software Web usage E-mail Next Examples of Computer Usage What is available for a mobile user? ? Hardware ? ? ? ? Notebook computers Tablet PCs Internet-enabled PDAs Smart phones ? Software ? ? ? Word processing Spreadsheet Presentation graphics software Next Examples of Computer Usage What are the needs of a power user? ? Speed and large amounts of storage ? Types of power users ? ? ? ? ? Engineers Scientists Architects Desktop publishers Graphic artists Next Examples of Computer Usage What are the needs of the large business user? ? ? ? Payroll Inventory E-commerce Desktop publishing Next Computer Applications in Society What are some examples of computer applications in society? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Edu cation Finance Government Health Care Science Publishing Travel Manufacturing Next Summary of Introduction to Computers Basic computer concepts The term, computer The uses of the Internet Computer software Categories of computers Types of computer users Computer applications in society The components of a computer The advantages and disadvantages of using computers The purpose of a network Chapter 1 Complete